- •Российский государственный торгово-экономический университет Учебник для студентов торгово-экономических специальностей английский язык
- •Содержание
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 1 – 3
- •I. Complete the sentences using the right item
- •II. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •III. Insert the right preposition
- •IV. Form nouns from the following verbs.
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 4-6
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item
- •II. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb.
- •III. Complete the sentences with can, could, be able to, must, have to, be to, should in appropriate forms. Use several options and translate the sentences.
- •IV. Insert the right preposition.
- •V. Form nouns from the following verbs.
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 7-8
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item
- •II. Fill in the right preposition
- •III. Match the words to make pairs
- •IV. Combine the sentences using Past Simple and Past Perfect.
- •V. Make comparisons using more - the most; better – the best; as…as; not so as; -er, -est where necessary.
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 9-10
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item.
- •II. Put the following sentences into the Reported Speech.
- •III. Insert the right preposition.
- •IV. Form nouns from the following verbs.
- •Unit 11
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 12
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 13
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 14
- •Exercises
- •Vocabulary
- •Consolidation Units 13, 14
- •I. Complete the sentence using the right item.
- •II. Open the brackets using conditionals.
- •III. Put the verbs into the right form.
- •IV. Rewrite the following sentences using Complex Subject.
- •Resource File. Activate your Grammar.
- •Text Bank Unit 1. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 2. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Unit 5 Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 6 Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it. The Sales Manager
- •Unit 7 Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Unit 8. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 9. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Unit 10. Read and translate the text. Get ready to summarise it.
- •Vocabulary
- •2. Present Continuous
- •3. Present Simple
- •4. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
- •5. Past Simple
- •Ex. 1. Put the verbs in the past simple tense.
- •6. Past Continuous
- •7. Past Simple vs Past Continuous.
- •8. Present Perfect Simple
- •9. Present Perfect vs Past Simple
- •Compare
- •Compare these sentences.
- •10. Present Perfect Continuous
- •Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous. Compare these sentences
- •12. Past Perfect
- •13. Future Forms
- •2. Be going to (do)
- •3. Present Continuous1 with a future meaning.
- •4. Present Simple with a future meaning.
- •5. Future Continuous
- •Ex. 1. Put the following sentences in the negative and question forms (yes/no questions).
- •Ex. 2. Put the verbs into the correct form.
- •Ex. 3. Make one sentence from two sentences.
- •Ex. 4. Are you (your friend, your parents) going to do/ not going to do these things tomorrow?
- •Ex. 5. Put the verb in the correct form using will or going to.
- •Ex. 6. What will these people be doing tomorrow from 8 till 8-30 in the morning?
- •Ex. 7. Write some sentences about your plans for the next few days.
- •Ex. 8. Choose the correct verb form in the following pairs of sentences.
- •14. Revision of Tenses
- •15. Modal Verbs (Basic Rules)
- •2. Must – have to – be to
- •Ex. 5. Put in must or have to.
- •Ex. 6. Put in must or had to.
- •Ex. 7. Make questions with have to.
- •Ex. 8. Make negative sentences with have to.
- •Ex. 9. Underline the correct verb form.
- •4. Should (do)
- •1. General Questions
- •2. Special Questions
- •3. Alternative questions
- •17. Reported Speech
- •Verb in the past.
- •18. There (is) and It (is)
- •Ex. 3. Complete the dialogue with used to or didn’t use to.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •20. Conditionals Type 1
- •Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense using type 1 conditional.
- •Ex. 2. Open the brackets using type 2 conditional.
- •Ex. 3. Give advice using type 2 conditional.
- •Ex. 5. Rewrite the following story using type 3 conditional.
- •E.G. If Ron hadn’t slept until twelve yesterday, he wouldn’t have failed the exam. Continue rewriting the story. Ex. 6. Match the following parts of the sentence
- •Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into English.
- •21. Passive Voice
- •22. Complex Subject
- •Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Rewrite the following sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •23. Gerund
- •25. Participles
- •Participle I has four forms:
- •26. Complex Object
- •27. Articles
- •28. Pronouns
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •29. Some, Any, No
- •30. Compound pronouns.
- •31. Much, Many, Little, Few, a Lot (of)
- •32. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •33. Comparisons
- •Irregular Forms.
- •2. The same as
- •34. Other and Another
- •Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with other, another, the other.
- •Ex. 2. Insert other or others.
- •We write ’ after nouns in plural
- •We use the possessive (’s) structure when the first noun is the name of a person, group of people, animal, organization, country.
- •E.G. Rules: club / football
- •36. So and Such
- •37. Enough and Too
- •Compare:
- •Ex. 3. Use too or enough.
- •Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •38. Relative Сlauses
- •39. Prepositions At / on / in (time)
- •E.G. On Monday
- •For / During
- •In / at and to (places and directions)
- •40. Irregular Verbs
- •41. Word-Formation
- •42. Abbreviation List
2. Must – have to – be to
We use “must” to say that it is necessary to do something (express obligation).
E.g. The floor is dirty. You must sweep it.
Both must (do) and have to (do) express a strong obligation.
There is a difference between them. With must the speaker expresses his own opinion.
E.g. I must stop eating cakes. (I want to).
Have to expresses a general obligation based on a law or rule.
E.g. I have to stop drinking. (Doctors order me to)
Generally, have to is used more often than must. If you are unsure which to use, it’s safer to use have to.
Unlike must (present) have to can be used in all forms.
E.g. I had to talk to her yesterday.
E.g. Have you ever had to stay at work for 16 hours?
Note that we use do/ does/ did with have to in present and past questions and negative sentences.
E.g. John doesn’t have to do his homework.
E.g. Do you have to pay extra money for this service?
E.g. They didn’t have to spend too much time there.
E.g. Did she have to look after her aged uncle?
The negatives mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different.
Mustn’t expresses negative obligation – it’s important not to do smth.
E.g. You mustn’t offend children. It is disgusting.
E.g. You mustn’t play with the gun. It’s dangerous.
Don’t have to expresses the absence of obligation – you don’t need to do something (you can if you want but it isn’t necessary).
E.g. You don’t have to stay here till 10, you can leave earlier.
Be to is used in formal instructions.
E.g. No one is to enter this room (No one must enter this room).
You are not to leave this room.
Also we use this structure to talk about official plans and fixed personal arrangements.
E.g. The delegation is to arrive in September.
The clerk said the plane was to arrive two hours later.
Are you to write this article on Friday?
Ex. 5. Put in must or have to.
This is a great film. I … see it.
My hair is dirty. I … wash it.
Your hair is dirty. You … wash it.
You’re ill. You … to stay in bed.
I am feeling so bad. I … stay in bed.
I have a headache. I … go and see the doctor.
I … to go to work by 9 o’clock.
I … to go to Paris for a meeting.
Ex. 6. Put in must or had to.
She … leave home at 6 every morning last year.
When his eyesight was bad he … wear glasses all the time.
When our typist was on holiday I … do all the typing at my office.
The windows are so dirty. I … clean them.
We … hurry, or we might be late.
I never remember his address, I always … look it up.
It was raining and we … wait for a taxi for half an hour!
As I was late for the bus I … take a taxi.
Ex. 7. Make questions with have to.
“She has to leave early”. What time does she have to leave?”
“She felt ill and had to leave early”. Why ………………?”
“He has to cook his own meals. His wife is away. Why ……….?”
“I have to get up early tomorrow.” What time ……………….?”
“We had to pay a lot of money for the license. How much ………?”
“Ben has to work tonight. Why ……………….?”
“He has to stay alone till his mother returns. How long …………?”
“We have to carry everything home ourselves! How many things exactly …..?”
“I had to ask a policeman the way. Why ………………?”
“She has to answer a lot of questions every day. How many questions ……….?”