Drugs, obtaining, standards.

1. Active vocabulary.

mold (mould) - плісень, пліснява; пліснявіти

generic name - офіціальна (фармакопійна назва) торговельна назва суперник, конкурент друкувати, писати великими бук. вами

competitor to capitalize - погоджувати, узгоджувати

to conform - відповідати

to en force - примушу вати, зрушувати

nausea - нудота, огида

vomiting - блювота

overdose - передозуваннл

to alleviate - полегшати, зменшити біль

ratio - співвідношення, пропорцій

to speed - прискорювати тривалість

duration - продовжуваність

interfere - втручання

expulsion - вилучення, виводження

1I Lead in. Work the text.

1. Утворіть нові слова за допомогою суфіксів та префіксів. Перекладіть їх на українську мову.

-ifyr pure, clear, class, identity, acid, solid, simple, -ize: character, neutral, sterile,, summary, carbon, crystal.

-al: experiment, emotion, classic, globe, mechanic,

origin, medicine, -ic: acid,, atom, alcohol, organ, period, cube, -ical: technology, ecology, physics, biology, theory, botany.

de-: composition, hydrate, constructive, compression, classify.

2. Прочитайте і перекладіть на українську мову. Знайдіть підрядні додаткові реченні і визначте засоби з'єднання головного речення з підрядним.

1. We didn’t know what had happened at the conference. 2. Doctors say that one should take this drug with caution. 3. The results of this discussion depend on what you've found about these tablets. 4. Seeing that the baby was ill mother gave him "Panadpl"”. 5. I asked if this dreg was registered by the USP.

З„ Прочитайте та перекладіть на українську’ мову назви лікарських засобів та слова греко-латинського походження, що зустрічаються в текстах уроку. Зверніть увагу на особливості їх вимови англійською мовою:

penicillin, streptomycin, methtrexate, prednisone, ampi- c it line, Amcill capsules, Omni pen, Penbritin, Poiycillin, Ргіпсїрег/N, medicine, chemical, substance, digitalis, antibiotics, hormones, secretion, synthesize, laboratory, cancer, vitamin, formular, superscript, prescription, physician, pharmacist, substitute, practice, capitalize, letter, pharmacologis-t, committee, pharmacopeia, standard., clinical, formulary.

Ill. Read and fransbite the text.

Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the cure, treatment, or prevention of disease in man and animals. In addition drugs alleviate suffering and pain. They affect living protoplasm and do not act as a food. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from plants called molds).

Drugs car also be obtained from animals; for example, hormones and secretions from glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anti-cancer -drugs, such as methtrexate and prednisone are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are contained in food substances; these drugs are called vitamins.

A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formular for the drug. This name is often long and complicated. The generic or official name is a shorter,, less complicated name which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacture may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.

The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it, Brand names often have the superscript after or before fhe name. Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand наше may be substituted, it is common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.

The following list gives the chemical, generic, and brand names of the well-known antibiotic drug ampicillin.Note that the dreg can have several brand names, but only one generic, or official name.

CHEMICAL NAME GENERIC NAME BRAND NAME

Standards. While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacicts, and manufactures.

This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Two important standards of ihe USP are that the drug, must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods), if a drug has USP after his name, it has met with standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of dregs is published by the USP every 5 years but not all drugs are listed in it. The National Formulary (NF) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters USP and NF after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to USP or NF standards, ir is up to the FDA lo inspect and enforce the claims of drog manufactures.

Drugs may be classified according to a) their morphology; b) the taxonomy of the plants and animals from which they are obtained; c) their therapeutic applications; d) their chemical constituents. Each of these methods of ciassifica- « tion has advantages and disadvantages.

IV. language development.

1. Запипання до тексту

1.What are drugs? 2, What are drugs obtained from?

3. What are the examples of dregs obtained from animals?

4. Give the examples of laboratory-synthesized dregs.

5. What is the chemical name of a drug? 6. What is meant by the generic or official name of a drug? 7. What can you say about the brand or trade name of a drug? 8. How many different names can a drug have? 9, What organization has the legal responsibility for drugs? і CL What is the United States Pharmacopeia? 11. What are the two important standards of the USP? 12. When do we say that a drug has met with Pharmacopeia standards? 13. Can yon describe the National Formulary? 14, What do the letters USP and NF after a drug indicate?

2. Дайте англійською визначення таким поняттям:

a) the generic name, b) the brand (trade) nema; c) the chef name; d) the Food and Drug Adminis ration: e) United States Pharmacopeia; f) the National Formulary.