2. Lead in. Work with the text.

1. Match the words with the definitions.

1. tumor	a. a mass of diseased cells in your body thai have di­vided and increased too quickly
2. hollow	b. a sore area on your skin or inside your body that may bleed or produce poisonous substances
3. adjacent	c. very harmful or evil, often in a way that you do not notice easily
4. ulcer	d. having an empty space inside
5. particle	e. next to something
6. consumption	f. a painful, often red, place on your body causcd by a wound or infection
7. lye	g. the amount of energy, oil, electricity etc. that is used
8. pcrnicious	h. alkaline solution
9. sore	i. a very small piece of someihing

3. Read and translate the text. Gastrointestinal Disorders

The inside of the stomach and duodenum are remarkably resistant to injury from the acid and digestive enzymes they contain. Yet, they can become irritated, develop ulcers, become obstructed, and develop tumors.

Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach. A person with gastri­tis may suffer from loss of appetite, pain, nausea, vomiting, and bleed­ing from the stomach. Gastritis may be either acute or chronic.

Acute gastritis may be caused by a chemical or acid injury to the stomach lining. It often occurs because of excessive intake of alco­holic beverages or aspirin. A severe injury to the stomach may result if a person swallows such harmful chemicals as iodine, carbolic acid, or lye. Physicians treat the patient with an antidote or by cleansing the stomach. Chronic gastritis may occur during such conditions as stom­ach cancer, stomach ulcers, and duodenal ulcers. It may also occur after stomach surgery. One form, called pernicious anemia, causes atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach lining and leads to vitamin B₍₂ deficiency.

Peptic ulcers

Hydrochloric acid and other digestive juices can eat through the tissues that form the lining of the stomach and adjacent organs. Nor­mally, the body replaces these tissues at about the same rate that they wear away. However, in some cases, the tissues erode faster than the body can replace them and open sores develop in the affected organ. Such sores, called peptic ulcers, can cause chronic stomach pain.

The two most common kinds of pcptic ulcers are gastric and duo­denal ulcers. Gastric ulcers develop in the stomach, typically from a weakening in the stomach's defense against tissue erosion. They some­times result from the overuse of aspirin, which can irritate the stomach lining. The consumption of alcoholic beverages also can damage the stomach lining and cause gastric ulcers. Duodenal ulcere form in the duodenum. They usually result from excessive secretion of stomach acid.

Colitis

Colitis is a disease involving inflammation of the colon or other parts of the large intestine. There are three main types of colitis: (1) inflammatory colitis, (2) amebic colitis, and (3) mucous colitis. In­flammatory colitis usually occurs in people from 20 to 40 years old. Physicians do not know what causes the disease, but many believe that nervous tension and other psychological factors may make the illness worse. Amebic colitis results from consuming food or water contami­nated by a certain type of parasitic ameba. Mucous colitis, also called spastic colon, is caused by spasms of the muscles in the wall of the colon.

Peritonitis

Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin mem­brane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is an illness that can cause death. The peritoneum may become inflamed if it is attacked by bac­teria or irritated by a foreign substance.

Dysentery

Dysentery is a disease involving inflammation of the lining of the large intestine. The inflammation, which is caused by microscopic organisms, produces abdominal pain and diarrhea. The bowel move­ments may contain mucus and blood. Some cases of dysentery include fever or vomiting.