I. Active vocabulary

metabolis обмін – речовин

fungus (pi. fungi) - гриб

bacterium (pi. bacteria) - бактерія

cytology – цитологія

histology - гістологія

tiny – крихітний

microscope – мікроскоп

pathologist – патолог

cell - клітина

cellulose - целюлоза,клітковина

sequoia - секвоя, мамонтове дерево

environment – довкілля

1. Match the word or word combination with its definition.

1. food chain	a. the study of different kinds of cells and the way they are arranged within plants
2, chlorophyll	b. the study of abnormal plants aimed to find out how they function
3. metabolism	c. such processes when food is used to provide energy for plants to grow and materials for plant body growth
4* histology	d. the system, in which energy is transferred from one organism to another in the form of food
5. plant pathology	e. the green pigment that is essential for photosynthesis

II. Lead in. Work with the text.

2.Work with a partner. Here are Ms answers. Ask him questions. Then, switch the roles.

— ?

• Phytopharmacy is the study of plants that are used as drags and drags that are isolated from plants. ' ?

• Medicinal plants are important for many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, with active constituents or with intermediates for semi-synthetic drugs.

• __________________________________________________?

—The largest collection (6 million specimens) is held by the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Other extensive herbariums are held at the Komarov Botanic Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia, and at the National Herbarium in Washington.

-____________________________________?

—The most valuable specimens in a herbarium are those from which the first descriptions of their kind were made.

3. Read and translate the text

Botany

Botany is the study of plants. It is one of the two main areas of biology. Botany includes taxonomy, morphology, cytology and histology, physiology, plant ecology, pathology.

Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying animals and plants. It groups plants according to their relationships with each other. Taxonomy is also concerned with the study of plant remains.

Morphology, the study of the form and structure of plamr is the basis of taxonomy. It is necessary to stud} the form and structure of a plant before you can understand how to classify the plant and how it grows and lives.

Cytology is the study of the cells, of which plants, like all living things, are made. The simplest plants consist of a single cell. Large plants, like trees, are made up of many different kinds of cells. While cytology studies the cell itself, histology studies different kinds of cells and the way they are arranged within plants. Both cytology and histology are branches of plant morphology..

Physiology is the study of plants functioning. It involves the study of how plants produce and use food, how various cells of a plant help the plant grow and reproduce, and how a plant responds to the outside world Plants take materials from the soil and air and transform them into food. This food is then used to provide energj for the plants to grow and materials for the growing plant body. These processes are called metabolism.

Plant physiology is important not only to the experts, who study plants, but also to everyone else in the world, as plants produce, either directly or indirectly, all the food that human beings and animals eat. Except for certain species of bacteria, plants are the only organisms that can make their own food. They do so by the process of photosynthesis. As a result, plants form the base of the natural food chain — the system, in which energy is transferred from one organism to another in the form of food.

Plant ecology is the study of plants growing together under various conditions, such as in swamps, grasslands, deserts, or forests. It also includes the study of the effects of climate, water supply, and soil on plant growth. Ecology is also concerned with the way plants and animals affect each other, and with solving the problems of forestry, growing of crops, conservation, and control of insects and diseases.

Pathology is concerned with many diseases that injure plants. Sometimes plant diseases are caused by the weather or by a lack of proper minerals in the soil. More often they are caused by bacteria or germs like those that cause many human diseases, or by fungi. Fungi lack chlorophyll, the green pigment that is essential in photosynthesis, and so must get food from other plants to keep themselves alive. In doing so, they often damage or even kill other plants.

To help plants combat diseases, plant pathologists study normal plants to find out how they function. They also study plants and animals. Plant pathology uses chemicals to combat diseases. It tries to control the growing conditions of plants or to develop the kinds of plants that resist diseases.