1. Active vocabulary

Nutrient — поживна речовина

Parasite - паразит

reproduction - відновлення, розмноження

concern – турбота

proper - належний, підходящий

to suffocate - задихатись

lack - нестача, відсутність

dye - барвник

eventually - зрештою

to expand розширюватись

distribution - поширеним

binomial - біноміальний, подвійний

2. Lead in. Work with the text.

1. Match the word or word combination with its definition.

1. bisexual	a. a kind of a thick underground stem from which other plants can be grown; unlike the bulb, it stores food in the stem, instead of in the thickened leaves
2. com	b. plants that are grown in the soil and climate different from the place where they originated, and which therefore need special care in order to live
3. chloroplasts	c. have the male and female parts on separate plants
4. exotic plants	d. tiny capsulcs containing chlorophyll

3. Read and translate the text

History of Botany

People have always been interested in plants and used them in many ways. Prehistoric people gathered wild plants for food and used them to build shelters. By about 8000 B.C. people in the Middle East had begun to depend on cultivated plants for most of their food.” Prehistoric people also used plants for medicine. Ancient Greeks and Roman made the first scientific studies of plants. Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived during the 300 BC, collected information about most of the then-known plants of the world. His pupil Theophrastus classified and named these plants. Theophrastus is often called the father of botany. Pliny the Elder, a Roman naturalist and writer who lived from 23 to 79 A.D., recorded many facts about plants in his 37- volume reference work Historis Naturalis {Natural History),

The development of modem botanj began from the Renaissance. During that period, European exploration of the world greatly stimulated the study of botany and other sciences. Explorers discovered many new kinds of plants and bi ought them to scholars to examine and identify.

As trade increased, there was added a demand to sorts of plant products, such as foods, fibres, drugs and dyes. Great gardens were laid out and contained new plants. As a result of the increased number of plants and the new facts that were being discovered about them, old systems of plants naming and classifying proved to be inadequate. In the middle of the 18^h century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778) developed a system of naming plants that was eventually accepted as a standard classification system. Linnaeus used a binomial system of nomenclature, in which each plant has a unique name consisting of two parts. This system has been modified and expanded into the modem classification system.

The study of plant morphology made tremendous advances during the 1600's, after the development of the compound microscope. The first scientists to observe the microscopic structures of plants included Marcetlo Malpighi from Italy and Englishmen Robert Hook and Ne- hemiah Grew. Also during the 1600^fs, research on plant physiology began with the work of Johann Baptista van Helmont, a Flemish doctor and chemist. Van Helmont made discoveries on how plants obtain food and grow.

The study of plant ecology developed from the research on the geographical distribution of plants. German naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt mapped plant distribution during his travels around the world in the late 1700's and early I800*s.

The research by Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel during the second half of the 1800^fs had a tremendous impact on the study of botany and other fields of science. His experiments on the breeding of garden peas established the basic laws of heredity.

In the 1900^fs the scientists working in plant genetics and molecular biology made many spectacular discoveries. For example, through the research on maize, it was found that certain genes can move around within the chromosomes of cells. This discovery, announced in 1951, greatly added to the understanding of how plants and other organisms inherit their traits.

In 1954, chloroplasts (tiny capsules containing chlorophyll) were made to carry out photosynthesis outside plant cells. This discovery raised the possibility that sugar and other foods might be made artifi­cially, which would reduce our dependence on plants.

Plants maintain the living environment. Without plants, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would increase to the point where human beings and animals suffocate. Studying plant life can show people how to live in balance with the environment. Certain physical principles operate throughout all living organisms. Thus, further study of plants can increase our understanding of all forms of life.