It’s not quite so; I’m afraid you are wrong; in my opinion;

As far as I know; I’m of another opinion.

1. The American Constitution provides the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic growth and social progress.

2. The American Constitution is the world's oldest written constitution in force.

3. The American Constitution has served as the model for a number of other constitutions around the world.

4. The path to the Constitution was straight and easy.

5. The Constitutional or Federal Convention convened on May 25,1787 in Independence Hall, where the declaration of Independence had been adopted.

6. The American Constitution was officially adopted on May 4,1789.

7. The 55 delegates including Founding Fathers of the new nationdrafted the Constitution.

Task 22. Read and translate the text in written form

Lawmaking process in the usa

The US Congress, the lawmaking arm of the federal government, consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Any congressman in either house, or the president, may initiate new legislation.

The proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives,then referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passes the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate.

In cases of disagreement, the House of Representatives and the Senate confer together. Once passed by the Senate as a whole, the bill has to be examined by two more standing committees – the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration – and is then signed by the speaker of the House and by the president of the Senate.

Finally, it must be signed by the president, who has the right to veto it. If the president vetoes a bill, it can still become a law – but only if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.

Task 23. Answer the following questions:

1. In which House does new legislation usually start in the USA?

2. What is a bill? How does a bill become a law in the USA?

3. Who has the right of veto in the USA?

Grammar Exercises

1. Use the proper form of the verb in the subordinate clause

1. He believed he will be able to solve the problem in no time.

2. She imagined that all the newspapers will publish this information by all means.

3. 3. The passengers hoped that the train will arrive on time.

4. Mother supposed that her children will be playing in the yard.

5. My teacher was sure we will have finished our compositions by the end of the lesson.

6. Everyone was aware of the fact that the speaker can become President in case of the death of both President and Vice-President.

7. Our friends expected that professor Miller will be appointed to this post.

8. The members of the Congress understood that the Speaker will always play very important role in party politics.

9. They promised they will be waiting for me on my way back home from the university.

10. The population of the USA was convinced that the Government will operate on three levels: national, state and local.

2. Translate the sentences into English keeping to the rules of Sequence of tenses

1. Усі студенти нашої групи були впевнені, що Катя складе іспити краще за всіх.

2. Народ вірив, що уряд захистить його інтереси.

3. Члени Сенату США переконані, що вони не будуть мати права ініціювати законопроекти, що стосуються фінансових проблем.

4. Тільки 13 штатів США входили до складу федерації до того як незалежність США була проголошена.

5. Моя подруга сказала, що любить оперу і буде рада піти з нами до оперного театру.

6. Один із моїх знайомих сказав, що Джек Лондон був завжди його улюбленим письменником.

7. Ми спостерігали, як діти гралися на березі річки.

8. Наші друзі по листуванню обіцяли, що надішлють нам листа та фотографії до кінця літніх канікул.

9. Я не сподівався, що вона вже повернулась із закордонної поїздки.

10. Ми не думали, що вони чекають на нас біля входу в парк.

3. Choose the proper tense form of the verbs (a,b,c variants). Choose the proper variants from the given multiple choice

1. After his five novels…, he became a recognized writer.

1. were being published; b) will be published; c) had been published

2. We were so glad to find out that a lot of our students … … … to the international conference.

   1. will be taken; b) would be taken; c) have been taken;

3. The policeman asked George where he … … so early in the morning.

1. is running; b) was running; c) runs;

4. The President has power to approve or veto any bill which … previously … … by the Congress.

1. has been passed; b) have been passed; c) had been passed;

5. The house … … … for a couple of years before our family bought it and moved in.

   1. was locked up; b) had locked up; c) had been locked up;

6. Don’t worry! Your computer … … … by the end of this week.

   1. will have been repaired; b) will be repaired; c) is being repaired;

4. Change the sentences from direct speech into the reported one

1. The teacher of Philosophy said: “You will fail at the examination if you don’t work hard”.

2. His father said: “I don’t understand Spanish, I studied English at school.”

3. An old woman asked: “Could you bring me a cup of tea please.”

4. The secretary asked: “Who is the author of the amendments?’’

5. The workers said: “We shall try to finish the repair work in a month.”

6. The doctor told the children: “Will you stop talking and listen to me?”

7. My friend asked me: “Are you invited to the party?”

8. Some people from the crowd advised me: “Go and help the children!”

9. Don’t touch this object, it’s dangerous”, the officer cried to the boys.

10. “What are you driving at?” the client asked impatiently.

5. Make the sentences complete choosing the right form of the verbs. Comment on your choice

1. I am sure - you are a true friend

you were a true friend

you will always be a true friend

2. I was afraid - you were frightened

you are frightened

you had been frightened

you will be frightened

you would be frightened

3. I guess - you are coming

you were coming

you will be coming

you didn’t come

4. She thought - we are late

we were late

we have been late

we had been late

we should be late

5. Somebody told that - he is an artist

he was an artist

he would be an artist

he would become an artist

6. My mother believes - I will be successful

I am successful

I have always been successful

I would be successful