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The Conjunction

and, but, or, that, if, when, while, till/until, after, before, since, because, as,

in order that, so that, as if/ as though, though, as ... as, than

Remember!

One conjunction is enough to join two clauses -we do not normally use two.

Although she was tired she went to work.

She was tired, but she went to work.

But not: Although she was tired but she went to

work.

Some conjunctions and their clauses can go either first or last in a sentence.

If you need help, come and see me. Come and see me if you need help.

Compare because and because of, and al (though) and in spite of.

She lost her job because she was ill.

She lost her job because of her illness.

Although/Though it was raining, we went out

for a walk.

In spite of the rain, we went out for a walk.

Some conjunctions can introduce clauses made with -ing forms. This is common with after, before, while and since.

After talking to you I felt better.

Look in the mirror before driving off

How many jobs have you had since leaving

school.

A few conj unctions (e.g. until, when, if) can be used with past participle.

Leave in oven until cooked.

When questioned, he denied everything.

I can usually remember names and faces if

given enough time.

So that (для того, щоб)

Let's start now, so that we 're sure to have enough time.

As long as/provided (за умови, що)

You can go out as long as/provided vou tell us where you are going.

While (у той час як; тоді як)

The summers here are wet, while the winters are

very dry.

As if /though/ (наче, ніби)

He passed by as if (or as though) he did not know me.

As well as (а також, крім того)

They own a house in Provence as well as a villa

in Spain.

Word - Building (Словотворення)

1. Main Word - Forming Suffixes

What denote(s)

Suffixes

Examples

Noun - forming

doer of the action or

profession

profession,

occupation

- er

- or

- ant

worker, lecturer, reader, lawyer

investigator, instructor

assistant

- ent

-ist

- ian

correspondent, student

archaeologist, archivist musician, historian

і

process or result of the

action

- ance

- ence

- ion

- tion

- sion

- ment

importance

dependence, co-existence

ипіод, action

investigation, translation

decision, expression, mission

improvement, development

abstract notions

- ness

- ship

-ty

-th

-age

- ure

gladness, stillness

relationship, guardianship

unity, beauty

truth, strength

marriage, postage

culture, pressure

Adjective - forming

presence of some

property, quality or

characteristics

- ic

-ful

- able

- ical

- ous

- lve

-y

-al

-ible

heroic, domestic, economic

wonderful, helpful

comfortable, movable

economical, electrical

various, analogous

objective, progressive

starry, snowy, rainy

cultural, central

possible, divisible

little quantity of colour,

quality

- ish

childish, reddish

absence of quality or

property

- less

meaningle_ss, colourless

Verb - forming

- ate

- ize/ise

-en

- ify

celebrate, congratulate

symbolize, popularize

strengthen, deepen

classify, testify

Adverb -forming

direction of movement,

- ly

mortally, nicely

- ward(s)

backward, forward, towards, eastward

in some way

- wise

clockwise

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