How Bills Go through Parliament
Task 19. Using the previous information, draw the chart for the Ukrainian lawmaking process
Task 20. Comment on the role of Parliaments in the law-making process. Use the expressions given below
-the Parliament of (Ukraine/ the USA/the United Kingdom of Great Britain and ----Northern Ireland ) consists of …
-to be the main legislative body
-an upper house of Parliament called…
-a lower house called…
-to be the supreme legislative body
-to be bicameral
-to contain two houses
-to imposelegislation
-to improve legislation
-to revise legislation
-to introduce bills
- to criticize bills
- to suggests changes
-to pass laws
- to embody government policy
Task 20. Retell the text “How a Bill Becomes a Law” Grammar exercises
Task 1. Study the navigation models. Make comments on them
Direct –Reported Speech
Direct speech is exactly what someone says.
“I’ll go to York” Jim said.
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words.
Jim said (that) he would go to York.
Say –Tell
We use say and tell both in direct and reported speech. We use say with or without a personal pronoun. We use to after say when there is a personal pronoun. We always use tell with a personal pronoun. We never use to with tell.
“ It’s raining heavily” he said.
He said (that) it was raining heavily.
He said to me (that) it was raining heavily. (less common)
He told me (that) it was raining heavily.
Changes in reported speech
Tenses change as follows:
Present Simple→ Past Simple
“I like”, he said. → He said he liked it.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
“I am going out”, he said. → He said he was going out.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
“We met in 1998”, he said. → He said they had met in 1998.
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
“Tom was eating pizza”, he said. → He said Tom had been eating pizza.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
“I’ve known her”, he said. →He said he had known her.
Will →Would
“I’ll tell her”, he said. →He said he would tell her.
Can → Could
“I can’t do it”, he said. →He said he could do it.
Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context.
“I saw you”, she said to George. →She said to George that she has seen him.
Reported questions
To report a question we use:
Wh-questions: In reported speech the word order is:
-
ask/etc + wh- + subject + verb
“What’s his name?” she asked. → She asked what his name was.
Yes/No questions: In reported speech the word order is:
-
ask/etc +if+ subject + verb
“Can you help me? she asked. →She asked if I could help her.
Reported orders/instructions
To report orders or instructions we use ask, order etc followed by a to-infinitive.
“Go out” he said to me. →He ordered me to go out.
“Don’t go” he said to me. →He asked me not to go.
Reporting general truths
When we report something which is always true the verb tense is the same as in direct speech.
“Grey squirrels have got long, bushy tails”, he said. →He said that grey squirrels have got long, bushy tails.
When direct speech is converted into reported speech the following changes are introduced also:
here → there
this → that
these →those
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the day before or the previous day
last evening(night) → the evening(night) before or the previous evening (night)
ago →before
the day before yesterday → two days before
tomorrow→ next day or the following day
Task 2. Use the verb to say or to tell
“You ought to be grateful”, he _____her.
He______:” I must talk to your friend.”
I______I would write to him tomorrow.
Harris ______he thought it was a very fine weather.
The man ______he would go and consult his master.
Mr. Fox _____me that you were there!
She _____ she would _____ us all about it the next time we met.
Billy ______to me , “ I am going to the library tomorrow’
Task 3. Rewrite the sentences in Reported Speech
“It’s the best trip I’ve been on”, sally said.
I thought: “He is a very clever man, he can help me.”
The student said: “ I hope to pass the examination.”
Kate said: “I have never been to New York?’
“My friend is studying law at the university”, she said.
“I’ll never forget it” John said to me.
“I’ve found my camera” Scott said.
“I didn’t enjoy the film very much”, Bob said.
“It’s boiling hot outside”, Jean said.
“It’s getting colder and colder”, Ann told us.
Jack told his father: “I have lost my notebook.”
My friend told me: “We have plenty of time to do our work.”
She said: “I shall be very glad to see you.”
Nelly said: “Yesterday I went to see Paul, but he was not at home.”
“He has gone to Paris”, she said.
I said to Peter: “Don’t forget your book.”
Mary’s mother said to her: “Don’t go out without your coat”
I said to Jack: “Please, give me your dictionary.”
The teacher said to the lazy student: “Wake up!”
The secretary said: “Please, pass me the paper.”
Task 4. Change the following sentences into Reported Speech
“Do you read English?” he asked me.
“Where will they go tomorrow?” she asked me.
“Did you see him last evening?” I asked them.
The boy asked: “Which way has my brother gone?”
Sheila asked Jim: “How often do you go there?”
“Can I join the club?” Claire asked Jeff.
“Who has taken my pen”, David asked.
“What did the lawyer say?” she asked Deanne.
Tom asked Bob: “Where does your uncle live?”
Margaret asked Richard: “Where are you going for your holidays?”
I asked her: “Who gave you that watch?”
A man asked his friend: “When did you buy your car?”
She asked him: “What are you doing?”
The hotel manager asked the visitors: “Did you sleep well?”
I asked the old gentleman: “Are you feeling tired.”
Jane asked her sister: “Are you hungry or thirsty?”
I asked my brother: “Did you throw away the newspaper or keep it?”
He asked his guest: “Do you like coffee?”
Henry asked Tim: “Who did you visit in the hospital?”
The little boy asked his farther: “Why does a policeman wear a uniform?”
Task 5. Translate into English.
1.Вона часто говорила, що хотіла би побачити Чорне море. 2. Професор сказав, що у лабораторії було зроблено багато дослідів. 3. Він мені говорив, що цікавиться цивільним правом. 4. Вона говорила, що книга їй подобається. 5. Він говорив, що візьме участь у роботі конференції. 6. Ми сказали, що повернемося за годину. 7. Ми їм сказали, що не будемо їх чекати. 8. Вона зізналася в тому, що зробила помилку. 9. Ми спитали, де він придбав словник. 10. Вона мене спитала, чи бачила я колись її брата. 11. Вона сказала, що не може поїхати на екскурсію до Києва.