Passive Voice Forms (Форми пасивного стану)

Tenses	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Schemes	be +V-ed (в особових З^г^dform формах)	be +being +V-ed (в особових3^rd form формах)	have +been +V-ed (в особових3^rd form формах)	«-	не існує!
Present	Houses are built of different materials.	Л new house is being built in our street.	Two houses have been built in our street this year.	«-	не існує
Past	The houses were built two years ago.	This house was beine built when I arrived in your city.	The house had been built before I returned.	«-	не існує
Future	Two new houses will be built next year.	не - існує	These houses will have been built bv April next year.	«-	не існує

Active Voice

Зверніть увагу на перекладцих речень:

1. I've been asked to do it. 1. Мене попросили зробити

це.

2. We've been shown a film. 2. Нам демонстрували фільм.

3. Не wasn't listened to. 3. Його не слухали.

4. She is often laughed at. 4. Над нею часто сміються.

5. His article is seldom referred to. 5. На його статтю рідко

посилаються.

6. The doctor has been sent for. 6. За лікарем послали.

7. This book is being much7. Про цю книжку багато

spoken about. говорять зараз.

8. This child will be looked after. 8. За дитиною доглянуть.

Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
		I. Statements
Mary says, "1 am a doctor." Mother said, "I am sure my son makes good progress."				Mary says that she is a doctor. Mother said that she was sure that her son made good progress.
11. Commands, orders, advice, requests
Vera said, "Open your bag, Nelly." The teacher said, "Don't speak so loudly.'^1			Vera asked Nellv to open her bag. The teacher asked not to speak so loudlv.
	III. General questions
Father asked, "Have you been to the library, son? . She asked, "Will you hold the pen?"			Father asked his son if he had been to the library. She asked me whether 1 should hold the pen.
	IV. Special questions
Mary asked the students, "When will you go to the camp?" He asked, "Who is that man?"			Mary asked the students when they would go to the camp. He asked who that man was. He asked who was that man.

Changes:

Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
	I	she, he
	we	they
Pronouns;	you	I
	my	her, his
	this	that
	these	those
	am	is
	have	has/had
	do	does
Auxiliary verbs:	shall	will
	am/is/are	was/were
	do, does	did
	shall, will	should, would
	can	could
	could	had been able
	may	might
Modal verbs:	might	might
	is to/are to	was to/were to
	have to/has to	had to
	dare	dared
	here	there
	now	then
Adverbs of time	todav	that day, at the time
and place;	yesterday	the day before, on the previous day
	ago	before
	tomorrow	the next day
	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite
	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Tenses:	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
	Past Indefinite	Past Perfect
	Future Indefinite	Future Indefinite-in-the-Past
	Future Continuous	Future Continuous-in-the-Past
	Future Perfect	Future Perfect-in-the-Past

Sequence of Tenses in Object Clauses

Predicate in:		expresses action	is translated by:
principal clause	subordinate clause
Past Indefinite	Past Indefinite Past Continuous	Simultaneous (одночасна)	Present Tense
Past Indefinite	Past Perfect	Prior (попередня)	Past Tense
Past Indefinite	Future-in-the-Past	Subsequent (наступна, пізніша)	Future Tense

Remember! The sequence of tenses is usually not observed if the object clause expresses: (1)a well-known fact; (2)something as universally or logically true; (3)when the action of a subordinate clause refers to a definite past moment/date.

1. He knew that boys will be boys and that you cannot put old heads on young shoulders.

2. The teacher told the pupils that the Earth moves round the sun.

3. 1 knew that she left Ukraine in 194Q (a definite past date).