- •Міністерство освіти і науки україни Хмельницький університет управління та права English for Lawyers
- •Передмова
- •Unit 1 Languages and Communication Task 1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text Languages and Communication
- •Languages and Communication
- •Grammar exercises
- •V. Complete the following sentences using nouns in the singular or in the plural:
- •VI. Translate these sentences into English
- •The Indefinite Tenses
- •Additional reading
- •“The History of the English Language” in written form
- •Features of the English Language
- •English Today
- •Why I Study English
- •The International Character of English
- •The Origins of the English Language
- •Task 27. Fill in the blanks with necessaary prepositions
- •Task 28. Tell about the sources of origins of English language Unit 2 The System of Education in Ukraine and Abroad
- •Khmelnitsky University of Management and Law
- •The Faculty of Law at Present (Lviv University)
- •Chliches, set expressions and phrases for discussion
- •Some University Customs
- •System of Higher Education of Ukraine
- •Network of higher educational institutions of Ukraine by their level of accreditation
- •Structure of the level system of higher education of Ukraine
- •Number of students in higher educational institutions per each 10 thousand of the population of Ukraine
- •Areas of training
- •Management of education
- •Make use of the following phrases:
- •The Legal Profession
- •Dialogue
- •Woman: The work of a judge, of a prosecutor, of an advocate is not easy either, is it?
- •Woman:There is a lot of crime at this period. Perhaps the punishment of criminals is isn’t strict enough ?
- •The Investigator /Investigator bodies
- •Dialogue
- •Task 16. Finish the following disjunctive questions:
- •Task 17. Put questions to the words in bold type
- •The Procurator
- •Task 23. Translate the following sentences into English
- •Task 31. Speak on the work of the procurator
- •The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (від імені українського народу) adopted the Constitution - The Fundamental Law on June 28, 1996.
- •Symbols of u.K.
- •The Constitution of the United States of America
- •The British Constitution
- •Constitutional monarchs, powers, making laws, federation, Acts of Parliament, written constitution, to take advice, assembly, Magna Charta
- •Constitution - the Standard of Legitimacy
- •1. There are no special … for constitutional rules
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 5 The State System of Ukraine Task 1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text The State System of Ukraine
- •The State System of Ukraine
- •Task 5. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words and give their Ukrainian equivalents
- •The Court System of Ukraine
- •Systems of Government
- •Systems of Government
- •Autocracies
- •Modern Democracies
- •Politics
- •Political Systems
- •Elections
- •Extreme Governments
- •Grammar exercises
- •The State System of the uk
- •Task 1. Read and learn the vocabulary to the topic
- •The State System of Great Britain
- •The State System of Great Britain
- •Royal Assent
- •Making New Laws: Bills and Acts
- •Task 10.Complete the text using the proposed words
- •The Sovereign
- •The Royal Family
- •Grammar exercises
- •Task 5. Choose the correct past participle forms of the verbs
- •Task 7. Make the correct forms of the verbs. Use Past Perfect
- •Task 8. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence
- •Task 12. Underline the most suitable phrase in each sentence
- •Unit 7 Legal Professions in Great Britain Task 1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text “Barristers and Solicitors”
- •Barristers and Solicitors
- •Task 5. Find the following word combinations in the text “Barristers and Solicitors”. Read the sentences and translate them
- •Task7. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the word combinations given below
- •Task 14. Read the micro texts and match them to the headings
- •General Practice
- •Specialists
- •Employed Solicitors
- •The Role of the Law Society
- •Task 16. Read the text and give annotation of it in Ukrainian Solicitors in Private Practice
- •Task 17. Read the text and circle the correct answer for items 1 to 4 The History of Solicitors
- •Task 18. Read the text and make comments on it Regulation
- •Task 19. Read the text and discuss it in the form of the dialogue, using clichés, set expressions and phrases given below Training
- •Texts for additional reading Task 1. Read and translate the text Judges
- •Task 2. Read and enjoy We, the Jury
- •Task 3. Make comments on the sayings, given below
- •Grammar exercises
- •Perfect Simple
- •Write four forms of each verb
- •Task 3. Form verbs of the following words. Give three forms of the verb
- •Perfect Continuous
- •Modal Verbs
- •Task 14. Fill in the blanks with ‘must’, ‘may’ or ‘ can’
- •Exercise for Revision Task 15. Put the verbs in the right tense. Translate the sentences
- •Unit 8 Political System of the usa Task 1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
- •The State System of the usa
- •Us Government
- •The executive branch
- •The legislative branch
- •The judicial branch
- •The Constitution as Supreme Law
- •Task 15. Translate words and word combinations into Enlish. Make up your own sentences with them
- •It’s not quite so; I’m afraid you are wrong; in my opinion;
- •Lawmaking process in the usa
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Unit 9 Lawmaking Process in Ukraine, Great Britain, the usa. How a Bill becomes a Law How a Bill Becomes a Law
- •The Lawmaking in Ukraine
- •Task 4. Find the following words in the text “The Lawmaking in Ukraine”. Read the sentences and translate them
- •Task 5. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following expressions
- •Task 6. Find in the text the English equivalents for the phrases below
- •How a Bill Becomes a Law
- •Task 15. Retell the text “How a Bill Becomes a Law”
- •Making New Laws: Bills and Acts
- •How Bills Go through Parliament
- •Task 20. Retell the text “How a Bill Becomes a Law” Grammar exercises
- •Unit 10 The Court System of Ukraine, the usa, England and Wales Task 1. Read and learn the vocabulary to the topic The Court System of Ukraine
- •The Court System of Ukraine
- •Court System of the usa. Court System of England and Wales
- •Court System of the usa. Court System of England and Wales
- •Judicial System of the usa and Great Britain
- •The System of Courts in the us
- •Grammar exercises
- •VI. Find Ukrainian equivalents of the following proverbs and translate them
- •Task 15. Read, translate and discuss the text with your partner English Courts
- •Law and the Legal System
- •Serving the law Ukrajina Incognita
- •Unit 11. English Law
- •English Law
- •The History of English Law
- •Comparison of Roman and English law
- •Task 9. Translate and match the words and word combinations with their definitions. Write down your own sentences with them
- •English Law
- •English Legal System
- •Common law systems
- •The common law and the law of equity paculiarities
- •Roman Law
- •Roman Law History of Roman law
- •The structure, character and content of Roman law
- •Continental systems
- •Roman law
- •Grammar exercises.
- •1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Infinitive
- •II. Please choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence
- •III. Make up the sentences with the following parts
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with the underlined models using different Infinitive forms.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English using Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions
- •Unit 12 Types of Branches of Law in Ukraine, Great Britain, usa Task 1. Read and learn the vocabulary to the topic Law. Functions of Law. Classification of Laws
- •Definition of Law
- •Functions of Law
- •Classifications of Law
- •Constitutional Law
- •Family Law
- •Law of Torts
- •Labour law
- •Maritime or Admiralty law
- •Administrative law
- •Elder law
- •Grammar Exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to Complex Object and Complex Subject
- •III. Make up sentences using the given tables
- •Іv. Complete these sentences using the Complex Object:
- •V. Translate these sentences into English
- •VI. Complete these sentences using the Complex Subject:
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Infinitive Constructions
- •Unit 13
- •International Entities. The uno,the icj European Parliament. Court of Human Rights Task 1. International Entities and International Law
- •International Entities and International Law
- •International Organizations – the un specialized Agencies
- •International organizations Related to the un System
- •European Union
- •European Parliament
- •International Inter-Regional Organizations
- •Grammar exercises
- •IV. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, underline the participles, identify their functions
- •V. Translate the sentences into English
- •VI. Open the brackets using Participle I, II:
- •VII. Put the questions to the sentences:
- •IX. Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves (The first sentence is given as an example.)
- •X. Combine the sentences using participle constructions (Present Participle or Past Participle). (The first sentence is given as an example)
- •XI. Replace the Relative Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged.
- •9. Animals that eat plants are called herbivores. Unit 15 Criminal Law. Types of Crimes
- •Crime and Punishment
- •Legal Definition of Crime and Criminal
- •Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice System
- •Criminal Law
- •Capital punishment: for and against
- •Financial Costs
- •Barbarity
- •Futility
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the form of the Gerund and its function
- •II. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary
- •III. Complete the sentence using Gerund
- •IV. Translate these sentences into English
- •V. Make up your own sentences with the underlined models
- •Grammar in Tables System of English Tense Forms
- •Passive Voice Forms (Форми пасивного стану)
- •Active Voice
- •Direct & Indirect Speech
- •The Oblique Moods
- •Modal (Defective) Verbs
- •Remember!
- •Will - would (only in Present and Future) are used for expressing:
- •Remember!
- •Remember!
- •Remember!
- •1 Of time (часу)
- •4. In different word combinations (в різних словосполученнях):
- •5. With the following verbs and nouns (з наступними дієсловами та іменниками):
- •Types of Interrogative Sentences (Типи питальних речень)
- •The Conjunction
- •Word - Building (Словотворення)
- •1. Main Word - Forming Suffixes
- •2. Main Word - Forming Prefixes
- •II Table of Irregular Verbs (Таблиця найуживаніших нестандартних дієслів)
- •Список рекомендованої літератури з англійської мови
Legal Definition of Crime and Criminal
Legally a crime is an act made punishable by law. A criminal is one who has committed such a legally forbidden act. Yet there are other criteria which determine whether a person may be dealt with as a criminal.
Regardless of his act, he must be of competent age. Under English Common Law a child under 7 could not commit a crime because he was held not capable of mens rea – of feeling a sense of guilt – and so was not responsible. In American states the stage of criminal responsibility is fixed by statute or constitutionally, considerably above the common law limit. Very young children may of course be dealt with in juvenile courts. They may be punished as well as treated constructively under the fiction that the court acts as a parent would act and in the best interests of the child.
Criminal acts must be voluntary and engaged in without compulsion. Compulsion as defined by courts must be evident and immediately related to a particular criminal act.
Especially in the case of serious crimes, the criminal must be shown to have had criminal intent: he must have meant to do wrong. Usually criminal intent is tested in terms of his knowledge of right and wrong, and his knowledge of the nature and consequences of his behaviour.
Criminal law also often recognizes degrees of intent as necessary to constitute particular crimes.
Finally, to constitute a crime an act must be classed legally as an injury to the state and not merely as a private injury or tort.
Crimes
Crimes are generally divided into the subdivisions of felonies and misdemeanors. The felonies are generally classed as the most serious and more heinous crimes, indictable and punished by severe penalties. The misdemeanors are lesser violations.
The Constitution of the United States provides that “no person shall be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb”. This means that no person can be subjected to a second prosecution for a crime for which he has been tried and duly convicted or acquitted. But the defendant may generally be tried by both a federal court and state court for the identical offense if statutes of both the federal and the state government were violated by the specific crime.
Task 11. Read and translate the text. Answer the following questions. Compose your own plan to retell the text
Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice System
Then in the early industrial years of American society, primarily the decades immediately after the Civil War, there started a movement to set up a separate juvenile justice system aimed more at rehabilitating young offenders than punishing them. This was part of a larger series of efforts collectively known as the child-savers' movement, in which prominent American citizens — often women — set about improving the general living conditions of poor urban youngsters. Among other issues such as child labor and the treatment of orphans, these «child savers» felt that trying young offenders in adult criminal courts and imprisoning them in adult jails, workhouses, and penitentiaries was unnecessary and even counterproductive. Young offenders, they felt, were not yet hardened in their criminality - there was some hope that, if treated with a helping hand rather than a brutalizing one, they might reform and escape a life of crime.
The result of these efforts was the creation and establishment of the juvenile criminal justice system as we know it today, which began with the first juvenile court in Illinois in 1899 and spread from there to all the states.
No system of state intervention ever built had higher hope or more noble purposes. In contrast to the adult criminal justice system, which is punitive in its intent and stern and somber in its operations, the juvenile justice system was intended from the start to be «beneficent» to help youthful offenders, not punish them. Treatment, education, rehabilitation were its battle cries.
But the creation of a new system of justice is fraught with such problems as defining what crimes and what individuals are to be covered by it, what procedures to be used, and what outcomes from it arc to be hoped for versus the outcomes actually realized. Moreover, in our society it involves the creation of a set of laws and procedures that ultimately must meet the various tests of Constitutionality under our system of government. It is necessary also to examine issues such as the cutoff point between juvenile and adult, to note an important evolution of the sys- tern into two processes: one for dealing with children who commit acts that would be criminal if performed by adults, and one for dealing with children simply in need of slate supervision or intervention.
Whether the high hopes of the early child savers have been realized is still being debated. Today, we preserve the philosophy of separate norms for juvenile justice but we must deal realistically with serious violent crimes committed by young people where juvenile processing seems too lenient on the one hand and too little able to protect the rest of us on the other. There arc conflicting views as to whether juvenile delinquency should be dealt with separately from adult criminality, and if so, to what extent juvenile criminals should be handled more or less harshly than adult criminals.
Notes
penitentiary– виправний заклад, в'язниця
(тюрма)
intervention– втручання
punitive– каральний
stern– суворий
somber– безрадісний, похмурий
beneficent– милосердий
fraught– повний
ultimately – максимально
constitutionality– конституційність.
Whenwasamovementto set up a separate juvenile justice systemstarted?
What was the aim of this movement?
What do you know about the child-savers' movement?
What were the main purposes of this movement?
Under what conditions might young offenders reform?
What was the result of these efforts?
Which in its intent is the adult criminal justice system?
What was the juvenile justice system intended to be?
What were the battle cries of the juvenile justice system?
What problems did the new justice system face?
What does the new system ofjustice involve in our society?
Task 12. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words, translate the text. Put 10-15 questions to the text
Nouns:
crime: intended felony misdemeanor |
act: criminalclassification seriousness |
punishment duration harm statute |
legislature |
failure |
grounds |
offense: |
excuse |
hearing |
Againstperson |
instance |
trial |
Againstproperty |
mistake |
charge |
criminal ~ |
~ of law |
grand jury |
attempt |
- of fact |
indictment |
commission |
ignorance; |
declaration |
conspiracy |
defense |
judge |
guilt |
decoy |
plea |
agent |
activity |
sentence |
principal |
infancy |
defendant |
intent |
intoxication |
Protection (s) |
corporation |
insanity |
search |
consequence |
prosecution: |
seizure |
requirement |
criminal |
prohibition |
health |
accused |
double jeopardy |
safety |
warrant |
self-incrimination |
criterion (criteria) |
circumstance |
cross-examine |
code |
magistrate |
counsel |
Verbs: |
|
|
to find one (smth) |
to intend |
to instigate |
to commit |
to prescribe |
to operate |
to determine |
to adhere |
to serve |
to prevent |
to distinguish |
to bring before |
to deter |
to limit |
to arrest |
to convict |
to overcome |
to hold |
to impute |
to recognize |
to file |
to combine |
to escape |
to arraign |
to attach |
to permit |
to spell out |
to dispense with |
to detect |
to prosecute |
Adjectives: |
|
|
harmful |
menial |
cruel |
responsible |
regulatory |
unusual |
social |
speedy |
entitled |
punishable |
unreasonable |
|