- •Рецензенти:
- •Передмова
- •Unit 1 Languages and Communication
- •Languages and Communication
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Features of the English Language
- •English Today
- •Why I Study English
- •The International Character of English
- •The Origins of the English Language
- •Grammar exercises
- •V. Complete the following sentences using nouns in the singular or in the plural.
- •VI. Translate these sentences into English.
- •Unit 2 The System of Education in Ukraine and Abroad
- •Khmelnitsky University of Management and Law
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Some University Customs
- •System of Higher Education of Ukraine
- •Areas of training
- •Management of education
- •Make use of the following phrases:
- •The Legal Profession
- •In, into, of, to, out, on, upon, with
- •Dialogue
- •The Investigator /Investigator bodies
- •Supplementary tasks
- •The Investigator /Investigator bodies
- •Dialogue
- •The Procurator
- •Unit 4 The Fundamental Law of Ukraine
- •The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (від імені українського народу) adopted the Constitution - The Fundamental Law on June 28, 1996.
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Symbols of u. K.
- •The Constitution of the United States of America
- •The British Constitution
- •Constitutional monarchs, powers, making laws, federation, Acts of Parliament, written constitution, to take advice, assembly, Magna Charta
- •Constitution - the Standard of Legitimacy
- •Crossword
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposition from the list below: for, with, on, under, up, by, before
- •II. Fill in: for or since
- •Unit 5 The State System of Ukraine
- •The State System of Ukraine
- •Supplementary tasks
- •The Court System of Ukraine
- •Systems of Government
- •Systems of Government
- •Crossword
- •Crossword solution
- •III. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.
- •IV. Put the verbs into Past Continuous, Past Simple, was/were going to or used to form.
- •Unit 6 The State System of the uk
- •The State System of Great Britain
- •Royal Assent
- •Making New Laws: Bills and Acts
- •Supplementary tasks
- •The Sovereign
- •The Royal Family
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence.
- •II. Underline the most suitable time expression.
- •III. Put each verb in brackets into either the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •IV. Make the correct forms of the verbs.
- •V. Choose the correct past participle forms of the verbs
- •VI. Make up the sentences with the words.
- •VII. Make the correct forms of the verbs. Use Past Perfect.
- •VIII. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
- •IX. Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't, can or can't. More than one answer may be possible.
- •X. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains can, could, must, have to or should (including negative forms)
- •XI. Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question.
- •XII. Underline the most suitable phrase in each sentence
- •XIII. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains can't, might, must, should or needn't
- •Unit 7 Legal Professions in Great Britain
- •Barristers and Solicitors
- •Task 5. Complete the following expression choosing a suitable preposition; find the best way of expressing them in Ukrainian.
- •Task 10. Topics for discussion.
- •Supplementary tasks Task 1. Read the micro texts and match them to the headings.
- •General Practice.
- •Specialists
- •Employed Solicitors
- •The Role of the Law Society
- •Task 3. Read the text and give annotation of it in Ukrainian. Solicitors in Private Practice
- •Task 4. Read and translate the text. Judges
- •The History of Solicitors
- •Task 9. Read the text and make comments on it. Regulation
- •Task 10. Read the text and discuss it in the form of the dialogue, using clichés, set expressions and phrases given below. Training
- •Task 11. Read and enjoy. We, the Jury
- •Grammar exercise
- •I. Divide the verbs below into two groups: regular and irregular.
- •II. Form verbs of the following words. Give three forms of the verb.
- •III. Fill in the Past Participle of the following verb.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple. Translate the sentences.
- •V. Match the items in column a to those in column b, then say which action happened first.
- •VI. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets and the Past Perfect Simple as in example.
- •VII. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect Simple. Translate the sentences.
- •VIII. Study the examples. Which sentences include the Present Perfect Continuous Tense? Translate the sentences.
- •IX. Choose the correct verb form.
- •X. Insert the Past Perfect Continuous. Translate the sentences.
- •XI. Fill in the blanks with ‘must’, ‘may’ or ‘can’.
- •Unit 8 Political System of the usa
- •The Political System of the usa
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Us Government
- •The executive branch
- •The legislative branch
- •The judicial branch
- •The Constitution as Supreme Law
- •The Basis of American Statehood.
- •Lawmaking process in the usa
- •Grammar Exercises
- •I. Use the proper form of the verb in the subordinate clause
- •II. Translate the sentences into English keeping to the rules of Sequence of Tenses.
- •III. Choose the proper tense form of the verbs (a,b,c variants). Choose the proper variants from the given multiple choice.
- •IV. Change the sentences from direct speech into the reported one.
- •V. Make the sentences complete choosing the right form of the verbs. Comment on your choice.
- •Unit 9 How a Bill Becomes a Law
- •How a Bill Becomes a Law
- •Task 5. Complete the following expression choosing a suitable preposition; find the best way of expressing them in Ukrainian.
- •Task 10. Topics for discussion.
- •Making New Laws: Bills and Acts
- •The Lawmaking in Ukraine
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Use the verb to say or to tell.
- •II. Rewrite the sentences in Reported Speech.
- •III. Change the following sentences into Reported Speech.
- •IV. Translate into English.
- •Unit 10
- •The Court System of Ukraine
- •Task 1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
- •The Court System of Ukraine.
- •The Court System of Ukraine
- •Unit 11 Court System of the usa. Court System of England and Wales
- •Judicial System of the usa and Great Britain
- •Supplementary tasks
- •The System of Courts in the us
- •English Courts
- •Law and the Legal System
- •Grammar exercises
- •VI. Find Ukrainian equivalents of the following proverbs and translate them.
- •Unit 12. English Law
- •The History of English Law
- •Comparison of Roman and English law
- •Supplementary tasks
- •English Law
- •English Legal System
- •Common law systems
- •The Common Law and the Law of Equity Peculiarities
- •Unit 13 Roman Law
- •Roman Law History of Roman law
- •The structure, character and content of Roman law
- •Continental Systems
- •The Law of Rome
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Roman law
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •II. Please choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence.
- •III. Make up the sentences with the following parts.
- •IV. Make up your own sentences with the underlined models using different Infinitive forms.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English using Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions.
- •Unit 14 Law. Types of Law in Ukraine, Great Britain, and the usa.
- •Law. Classifications of Law
- •In, into, for, to (x2), out.
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Ukrainian law is commonly divided in the following areas:
- •Task 4. Read the text and speak on the main differences between Civil and Criminal Law in the usa. Check the meaning of the words in bold. Differences between Civil and Criminal Law in the usa
- •Punishment
- •Effect of punishment
- •Burden of proof
- •Protections for criminal defendants
- •Ignorance of the law is no excuse
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to Complex Object and Complex Subject.
- •III. Make up sentences using the given tables.
- •V. Translate these sentences into English.
- •VI. Complete these sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Infinitive Constructions.
- •Unit 15
- •International Entities. The uno, the icj, European Parliament. Court of Human Rights
- •International Entities and International Law
- •European Union
- •International organizations Related to the un System
- •Supplementary tasks
- •International Organizations – the un specialized Agencies
- •European Union
- •European Parliament
- •International Inter-Regional Organizations
- •United Nations Organization
- •United Nations Organization
- •General Assembly
- •Security Council
- •Secretariat
- •International Court of Justice
- •Trusteeship Council
- •Economic and Social Council
- •Grammar exercises
- •IV. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, underline the participles, identify their functions.
- •V. Translate the sentences into English.
- •VI. Open the brackets using Participle I, II.
- •VII. Put the questions to the sentences.
- •IX. Complete the sentences and make clear that the people don't / didn't do it themselves (The first sentence is given as an example.)
- •X. Combine the sentences using participle constructions (Present Participle or Past Participle). (The first sentence is given as an example).
- •XI. Replace the Relative Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged.
- •Unit 16
- •International law
- •International law
- •Domains of International law
- •Sources of International law
- •Subjects of International law
- •Supplementary tasks
- •The History of International Law
- •International Law
- •Supranational law
- •International Court of Justice
- •The International Court of Justice
- •The icj and the Security Council
- •Preliminary objections
- •Members of the Court
- •Unit 17 Crime and Punishment
- •Crime and Punishment
- •Legal Definition of Crime and Criminal
- •Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice System
- •Unit 18 Criminal Law
- •Criminal Law
- •Supplementary tasks
- •Capital Punishment: for and against
- •Task 7. Read and translate the text. Write down all the unknown words and word combinations. Make up your own sentences with the underlined words. Objectives of Criminal Law
- •Financial Costs
- •Barbarity
- •Futility
- •Grammar exercises
- •I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the form of the Gerund and its function.
- •II. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
- •III. Complete the sentence using Gerund.
- •IV. Translate these sentences into English.
- •V. Make up your own sentences with the underlined models.
- •Список рекомендованої літератури з англійської мови
- •29013, М. Хмельницький, вул. Театральна, 38
Barristers and Solicitors
Although the United Kingdom shares one government, it has several legal systems. Both Northern Ireland and Scotland have separate laws, judiciaries and legal professions to those in England and Wales.
The legal profession in England and Wales is made up of barristers and solicitors. Traditionally these professions had very distinct roles.
A solicitor’s role is to give specialist legal advice and help. Solicitors are the main advisers on all matters of law to the public. There are around 140,000 practising solicitors in most towns across the UK and their work varies enormously.
A solicitor’s job is to provide clients with skilled legal advice and representation, including pleading in court. Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates’ Courts, the lowest courts. Family law and child care law are important nowadays, and solicitors often represent clients in court in divorce cases. In a civil action he can speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts.
A solicitor also deals with matters outside Court. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. He writes legal letters for the client and carries on legal arguments outside court. He makes wills and administers the estates of people, who have died. A solicitor often advises businesses on such matters as employment law, contracts and company formations.
Most solicitors work in private practice, which is a business partnership of solicitors who offer services to clients. You will find a solicitor’s firm in nearly every town in England and Wales. Many solicitors and firms specialize in areas of law in which they are expert, and specialisms can include corporate and commercial law, insurance, the registration of patents and copyrights, shipping, banking, entertainment and media law and many others.
Not all solicitors work in private practice. It is possible for solicitors to work as in-house legal advisers to a commercial or industrial organization, to a government department or a local authority. There is a trend to allow multinational partnerships in England and Wales between solicitors and foreign lawyers.
Because the law is complex, the training of solicitors takes a long time and can be difficult. To qualify as a solicitor, a young man or woman joins a solicitor as a “clerk” and works for him whilst studying part time for the “Law Society”.
The Law Society makes the rules for the legal education and training required. The trainee must receive a thorough and broad education. Solicitors with good communication skills-written, verbal or inter-personal are in demand. A high standard of literacy is required. When you have passed all the necessary exams, you can “practice”, which means you can start business on your own.
Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. Barristers are legal consultants offering specialist services, in particular as advocates or advisors in matters involving litigation. They are called in to advise on really difficult points. Barristers are also experts on advocacy (the art of presenting cases in Court). Barrister has the exclusive right of audience as an advocate before all the superior courts, and he can also take cases in the inferior courts if he wishes to do so. When acting professionally barristers are known as “counsel”.
Barristers are rather remote figures. In general, a barrister has no direct contact with the client, only through the instructing solicitor. The solicitor will choose the barrister best suited to the needs of the client.
Most barristers are professional advocates earning their living by the presentation of civil and criminal cases in court. A barrister must be capable of prosecuting in a criminal case one day, and defending an accused person the next; or of preparing the pleading and taking the case for a plaintiff in a civil action one day, and doing the same thing for a defendant the next. In this way the barrister attains a real degree of objectivity and of independence of mind.
Barristers are not allowed to form partnership. Barristers do not have public offices in any street. Practicing barristers are all self-employed, although they normally band together into "chambers". Due to the nature of barristers’ work, the chambers are only to be found near to the major courts.
A barrister must be a member of one of the Inns of Court, which traditionally educated and regulated barristers. To qualify as a barrister you have to take the examinations of the Bar Council. Barristers’ training concentrates on the art of advocacy, court procedure and the rules of evidence. Barristers have full rights of audience to appear in all courts, from highest to lowest. Only barristers can become judges in an English Court above a Magistrates’ Court.
Barristers and solicitors are required to dress formally when appearing in a court case. In court, barristers are often visibly distinguished from solicitors by their apparel. For example, in Ireland, England and Wales, barristers usually wear a horsehair wig, stiff collar, bands and a gown. Solicitors appearing in the county court must wear a gown but no wig. The vast majority of County Court hearings are now conducted without robes, although they continue to be worn in High Court proceedings.
Task 3. Answer the following questions.
Do England and Wales compose a single legal jurisdiction?
What is the legal profession in England and Wales made up of?
Did these professions traditionally have very distinct roles?
What matters does a solicitor deal with?
Do all solicitors work in private practice?
Does the training of solicitors take a short time?
What is required to become a solicitor?
What rules does the Law Society make?
What kind of education must the trainee receive?
Are barristers different from solicitors?
What services do barristers offer?
What kind of right has a barrister?
Has a barrister a direct contact with a client?
How do barristers earn their living?
How does a barrister attain a real degree of objectivity and of independence of mind?
Are barristers allowed to form partnership?
What do you have to do to qualify as a barrister?
What does barristers’ training concentrate on?
What institution educates and regulates barristers?
Are barristers and solicitors required to dress formally when appearing in a court case?
Task 4. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words and give their Ukrainian equivalents.
Barrister, client, law, matter, partnership, solicitor.