The Constitution as Supreme Law

The Constitution of the United States and the constitutions of the various states are the fundamental written law in those countries. The federal law must not violate the U.S. Constitution. All state laws must conform to or be in harmony with the federal Constitution as well as with the constitution of the state.

The U.S. Constitution is the basic document that gives authority to criminal justice agencies. It also sets the outer limits to their efforts, making sure that the system of crime control fits the form of government. All of the provisions of the Constitution apply to criminal control, though a number of amendments are system-specific. For instance, the Fourth Amendment prohibits illegal searches and seizures of evidence; the Fifth prevents self-incrimination during questioning; the Sixth guarantees the rights to jury trial; the Eighth provides for reasonable bail and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment; and the Fourteenth prevents from depriving anyone of liberty without due process of law.

Two very important principles of constitutional law are basic to the American judicial system. They are closely related to each other and known as the doctrine of separation of powers and the doctrine of judicial review.

The doctrine of separation of powers results from the fact that both state and federal constitutions provide for a scheme of government consisting of three branches — the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Separation of powers ascribes to each branch, a separate function and a check and balance of the functions of the other branches. The doctrine of separation of powers infers that each separate branch will not perform the function of the other and that each branch is summarized as follows: the Senate retains the power to approve key executive and judicial appointments. The legislative branch exercises control through its powers to appropriate funds.

In addition, Congress can limit or expand the authority of the executive branch or the jurisdiction of the judicial branch in most cases. The executive has the powers to appoint judges (in some states; the judiciary is elected). The judiciary has the powers to review actions of the executive and to review laws passed by the legislative branch to determine if such laws are constitutional.

The doctrine of judicial review is the heart of the concept of separation of powers. This doctrine and the doctrine of supremacy of the Constitution were established at an early date of the American history.

Notes

1. to violate the law – порушувати закон

2. to conform to smth. – відповідати чомусь

3. to be in harmony with – бути співзвучним з

4. criminal justice – кримінальне правосуддя

5. to give authority to – надавати повноваження

6. to fit smth. – відповідати чомусь

7. jury trial – суд присяжних

Task 3. Fill in the blanks using the information from the text.

1. The Constitution of the United States is the fundamental written... of the country.

2. The federal law must not...the US Constitution.

3. The US Constitution gives authority to …

4. Two very important principles of constitutional law are basis to the American…

5. A scheme of government consists of three branches —

6. The Senate retains the power to approve key... and...appointments.

7. The executive has powers to …

8. The judiciary has the powers to review...of the executive and to review ... passed by the… … to determine if such ... are ...

Task 4. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the fundamental written law of the United Stales?

2. What does the US Constitution give authority to?

3. What are the examples of specific amendments to the US Constitution?

4. What are two very important principles of constitutional law basic to the American judicial system?

5. How many branches does a scheme of government consist of?

6. What does the doctrine of separation of powers infer?

7. What kind of power does the Senate retain?

8. What does the legislative branch exercise?

Task 5. Translate words and word combinations into Enlish. Make up your own sentences with them.

Суд присяжних, надавати повноваження, закон штату, судова система, обґрунтована застава, жорстоке покарання, федеральний закон, розподіл повноважень, кримінальне правосуддя, обшук та вилучення доказів, вищий закон, самообвинувачення, виконувати функції, порушувати закон, приймати закон, встановлювати межі, забезпечувати обґрунтовану заставу, переглядати дії, призначати суддів, здійснювати контроль, схвалювати призначення, складатися з трьох гілок влади.

Task 6. Translate words and word combinations into Ukrainian. Make up your own sentences with them.

Intense debate; to draft a compact; criminal justice agencies; crime control; system-specific amendments; self-incrimination; to question a person; to deprive smb. of liberty; separation of powers; judicial review; separate function; to summarize; appropriate funds; in addition; key executive and judicial appointments; to limit the authority; jurisdiction of the judicial branch; the heart of the concept.

Task 7. Make up questions to receive the following answers.

1. The federal law must not violate the US Constitution.

2. The Fifth Amendment presents self-incrimination during questioning.

3. The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to jury trial.

4. The Eighth prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.

5. Two basic principles of American constitutional law are the doctrine of separation of powers and the doctrine of judicial review.

Task 8. Read, translate the text and do exercises.