Grammar: The Past Perfect Tense.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had worked	I had not worked	Had I worked ?

I’d worked I hadn’t worked

• The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.

• Past Perfect + Past Indefinite

He had finished his work when I called him.

He had finished his work by 5 o’clock yesterday.

The Past Perfect Tense is used with the conjunctions: hardly..., scarcely..., nearly.. ,barely... + Past Perfect ... when + Past Indefinite. No sooner + Past Perfect... than + Past Indefinite. He had hardly done it when they came.

Ex.5. Use the Past Perfect Tense.

Examples: Why didn’t you listen to that play on the radio? – Because I had heard it before.

1. Why didn’t you see Fred when you came to Astana?(leave) 2. Why didn’t Kate want to go to the cinema?(see the film) 3.Why didn’t you tell him my new adress?(forget) 4. Why didn’t Jeff hear about Kate’s examination?(pass) 5. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money) 6. Why couldn’t you get into your flat at once?(lose the key)7. What did you learn about Bob?(get married).

Ex.6. Make sentences using the words in brackets.

Example: His hair was wet. (He/ just/ have/ a shower)- He had just had a shower.

1. There was nobody at the platform.(the train/just/ leave).2. We didn’t find anybody at home everybody/already/go out). 3.The children were playing in the garden.(they/just/ come/from/school).4. Bob wasn’t at home when I arrived.(he/arrange/to meet/some friends/at the club).5.I couldn’t recognize the child after all that time.(I/not/see/her/for seven years)

Ex.7.Use the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs given in brackets to complete the sentences.

Example: When John and I got to the river, the boat race (start already)

1.When she went to bed ,she remembered that she (not/switch off the light). 2. She felt tired because she (walk a lot/ that day). 3. She went for a holiday after she (pass the exams). 4. I didn’t know what to do when they(show/me/the picture). 5. I didn’t look at the present until after she (go). 6. I was very sorry to hear that he (die). 7. He didn’t start speaking until the children(leave the room).

Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect in the following texts.

a) He (look) at his watch. In a quarter of an hour he (be) due at the General Meeting of the New Colliery Company - one of Uncle Jolyon’s concerns; he should see Uncle Jolyon there, and say something to him about Bosinney – ( not/make) up his mind what, but something – in any case he should not answer this letter until he (see) Uncle Jolyon. He (get) up and methodically (put) away the draft of his defense. Going into a dark little cupboard, he (turn) up the light, (wash) his hands with a piece of brown Windsor soap, and (dry) them on a roller towel. Then he (brush) his hair, (turn) down the light, (take) his hat and … (leave) the house.

b) When Tom (wake), the farmhouse (burn), it (start) burning when the shell (hit). None of the other soldiers who (be) in the farmhouse (be) to be seen. They (be) lucky to escape. In the confusion they (miss) Tom who (sleep) on the kitchen floor. As his leg (be) broken, it (take) him hours to crawl across the room to the window. He (pass) out again and again. But he (be) sure he (not/want) to die and finally he (get) to the window and (pull) himself up so that he (can) look over the sill. Somebody (see) his head above the window and (get) him. Tom (not/remember) any of that. He never (find) out who (save) him.

Ex.9. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of tense-aspect forms.

1. Біздер көп жылдар бойы бірге жұмыс жасадық, ал мен сен туралы тіпті өте аз білемін. 2. Біздер оның сақина түсіріп алған жеріне жеткен сәтте, ол тоқтап қалды. 3. Саған тамақ пісірген ұнай ма? – Маған ұнайды. Бұл менің көп жылдар бойғы хоббиім. 4. Әкем мені әрдайым Катя деп атайтын. 5. Олар кері қайтып келе жатыр, менің пайымдауымша, олар осы жолы қонақ үйге тоқтайтын шығар. 6. Ол кілттеніп алды және олар кеткенше төменге түспейді. 7. Мен ауылдағылардың барлығының есімдерін білмеймін. Мен осында өмір бойы тұрып келемін. 8. Мен оның бөлмені жинап жатқан уақытында түскі ас дайындадым. 9. Олар үйге кіріп үлгерем дегенше, дауыл басталды. 10. Мен көрмеге бармайтын болып шештім. Мен бүгін кітапханаға барамын. 11. Менің кітаптарды айырбастамағаныма үш ай болып қалды. 12. Мен осында келгелі дұрыстап тамақтанбадым. 13. Ол келмейді. Мен онымен жана ғана телефон арқылы сөйлескем. 14. Филипп өз жүк сөмкесін вагонға апарып тастады да, перронда темекі шекті. 15. Олар бұрын ешқашан бірге билеп көрмеген. 16. Австралияны ашқан кім?

Ex.10. Ask for the underlined part. Write the complete English question into the gap.

Example: The class plays football.

Answer: The class plays football. What does the class play?

1) She never cleans the van.

2) Kim and Tina are playing ball in the garden._________________

3) They are running home.______________________

4) Mr Johnson has been living in Montreal for ten years.

5) Anne likes her new job very much._________________

6) The Barnes are planning a trip to Norway.________________

7) The shop will be closed until next month.________________

8) Beverly usually gets up at 6.30 am.______________________

9) He can't meet Sharon because she is very ill.

10) Every evening Steven listens to his new CDs.

UNIT 3

EDUCATION IN BRITAIN

Text: Education in Britain.

Grammar: The Future Perfect Tense.

The Five Ages of Education.

British education has many different faces, but one goal. Its aim is to realize the potential of all, for good of the individual and society as a whole.

1. Around all of 3-and 4-year-olds in Britain receive nursery education, and many other children attend pre-school playgroups, mostly organized by parents. Children of nursery age need care as well as education , however , and it is not just their mental requirements, but social , emotional and physical needs that must be met. In nursery schools , qualified teachers, usually primary teachers with a nursery teaching qualification, work alongside helpers and nursery nurses to achieve this.

2. Compulsory primary education begins at the age of 5 in England, Wales and Scotland, and 4 in Northern Ireland. Children usually start their school career in an infant school and move to a junior school or department at age 7. In some parts of the country , though , children begin at a first school at age 5, and move on to a middle school at age 8,9 or 10. Primary schools vary in size and location, some having as few as two teachers and others as many as 30. Subjects covered include English mathematics and science, along with technology, history, geography, music, art, and physical education. At 7 and 11 years old (and a secondary school, at 14 and 16) teachers measure children’s progress in each subject against attainment targets. In English for instance, there are five basic targets: speaking and listening: reading: writing: spelling and handwriting.

3. In Britain, most children of compulsory secondary school age (11 to 16) receive free education financed from public funds. This may be a comprehensive ( mixed ability) or a grammar school. A small proportion attend private or independent schools, not financed by the state. The large majority of schools teach both boys and girls together . The school year in England and Wales normally begins in September and continues into the following July, in Scotland, it runs from August to June and in Northern Ireland from September to June.

4. All Britain’s universities enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff and decide what and how to teach. First degree courses usually last three or four years. The Open University is a little different, because it relies on distance learning. England and Wales’s 34 polytechnics tend to be more vocationally –orientated than universities , providing degree and subdegree vocational courses as well as traditional academic degree courses. Many polytechnics have close links with business, and many students have jobs and attend part-time. For those without standard entry qualifications, access and foundation courses can provide a way in to higher education. The number of access courses in Britain is increasing rapidly.

5. Education doesn’t stop with leaving school. Further education in particular is learning which, with its strong ties with commerce and industry, is vital in the effort to keep Britain economically competitive. Over 500 colleges of further education run courses on everything from catering to business studies. Most further education courses are vocational, but many colleges offer more academic courses, such as GCSEs and A levels. Students may attend college part- time, day by day or block release from their jobs or in the evening. The new National Vocational Qualifications, based on standards of competence set by industry, are designed to ensure the relevance of vocational qualifications to employers. They are based on defined levels of attainment, to which qualifications can be assigned.