Grammar: Sequence of Tenses.

• If the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future –in-the-past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The action expressed in the subordinate clause can be simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause ,prior or posterior to that of the principal clause.

• Simultaneous Action

I knew that he lived in Kiev (ол Киевте тұрады)

He said that they were waiting for us (олар бізді күтіп жатыр)

I knew that he had been living in Kiev since 1946 (ол Киевте 1946 жылдан бері тұрады)

He said (that) he had known her for two years (ол оны 2 жыл біледі)

• Prior Action -

He said that he had already left Astana (ол Астанадан кетіп қалды)

I knew that - it had been raining (жаңбыр жауғанын)

He said that she had been ill for two weeks (ол екі жұма ауырды)

• Future Action

I knew that they would arrive on Sunday (олар жексенбі күні кледі)

He said that they would be working at 6 (сағат 6-да олар жұмыс істейтінін)

I knew that he would have translated the article by Monday

(ол бұл мақаланы дүйсенбіге аударып келетінін)

• Study how the Tenses are changed according

to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

Present Indefinite – Past Indefinite

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

Past Indefinite – Past Perfect (or stays the same)

Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect – (does not change)

6. Time and place changes:

here - there

this –that

these –those

now -then, at that moment

today –that day

yesterday -the day before/the previous day

a year ago –a year before

last night –the previous day

The Sequence of Tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth or something is represented as habitual, customary. The teacher told the children that water boils at 100 C.

Ex. 7. Explain how the rules of the Sequence of Tenses work in this clauses. Translate the sentences.

1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry's brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was itching to tell me what had happened. 3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would be going out to California in 2 or 3 days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.

Ex. 8. Give your reasons as to why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences.

1. He says he is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with the satisfaction of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. He sought pleasure in the simple and natural things that life offers to everyone. 4. Monty told me that he had no permit for the gun, and that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 5. I knew I should go; but we sat there because it is difficult to go without any particular reason for leaving. 6. Billy folded his arms and leaned back. "I told you I do not like milk".

Ex.9.Make an action of the following object clauses simultaneous with those of the principal clauses.

1. I thought you (have)better sense. 2.She could not imagine what he (to do)there.3. I’ve forgotten what he (to look) like.4. I didn’t know whether the doctor (to mean) whether (to say) or whether he (to have) joke at my expense.5. What surprised me was that Pat (be) so much at home here.6.He asked me what work I (do) and whether I (intend) to go to a university. 7.I was surprised you (to know) my name.8. He told his father that now he (to make) ten dollars a week less.9. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (to be) unwell and (not to live home).

Ex.10.Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.

1.When I went into the office next morning I already (to formulate) my plan.2.Well, I don’t think I ever (to see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that she (to think) she (to make) a mistake. 4. She knew what (to go) on in their minds.5. So I went into the living room, where my aunt already (to wait) for me.6. She telephoned her husband to the office to say that her brother (to return) from abroad.7. An old friend rang up to ask how Elizabeth (to feel), and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday.

Ex. 11. Translate the following into English observing the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

1. Ол маған тарихқа қызығатынын айтты. 2. Ол оның не ойлайтынын білді. 3. Ол өте тез арада келетінін айтты. 4. Мен оның Лондонда тұратынын білдім. 5. Мен оның (қыз) Сан-Францискода тұратынын білдім. 6. Ол (қыз) маған онымен сөйлескенін айтқан жоқ. 7. Мен ол одан (қыз) хат алып тұрады деп ойладым. 8. Мен олар мені шақырады деп ойладым. 9. Мен жұмыс жасап жатқанына күмәнім болмады, сондықтан бөлмесіне кірмедім. 10. Ол біз бір-бірімізді бала кезден білетінімізді білген жоқ. 11. Оның онымен ұрсысып қалғанына өкінетініне менің күмәнім болды. 12. Мен ол шаршап қалды деп ойладым да, одан бүкіл уақыт бойы не істегенін сұрадым. 13. Мен ол сонда біраз уақыт болды деп ойладым. 14. Ол олардың шешімін неге ауыстырғанын түсіне алмайтындығын айтты. 15. Менің оны күтіп жатқандығымды ол ұмытып кетті деп күмәндандым. 16. Ол Филлдің осында болатынын білетіні-білмейтіні маған мәлім емес.

Ex.12. Complete the sentences

1. They noticed they … (fly) for three hours already. 2. Tom said that it … (take) him an hour to get to the station. 3. She asked them if they ……. (play) tennis in the afternoon. 4. Mary asked her brother if he …… (can) tell her the way to the shop. 5. Peter and John told me they …… (go) to the Kremlin the day before yesterday. 6. Mother said she ….. (have) a bad headache. Don't bother her. 7. Dorothy asked Margaret if she ……. (be) going to buy a new dress in the nearest future. 8. They told us they ……. (visit) the Tretyakovskaya gallery next Sunday. 9. Jack said that he already ……. (write) the letter. 10. They asked if the work …….. (finish) by tomorrow.

UNIT 13

LEISURE TIME

Text: The Use of Leisure

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

The Use of Leisure

By the way in which a man uses his leisure his character can be told more surely in all probability than by the way he does his work. For most men work is necessity in order to gain a living. Vast numbers of men have not even been able to choose what work they would do, but have been forced by economic necessity to take the first job that came their way. But in their leisure time they do what they really want to do and their real selves are reflected in their actions.

Some people are completely passive during leisure hours. If such people go out they go to some place of entertainment where no effort is required by them, a cinema or a dancing hall, and if the latter, they do not dance but simply sit and watch others dancing.

A different type of person hurries home from work full of eagerness to begin on some scheme which he has been planning for his leisure time. Perhaps his hobby is carpentry or model engineering, or gardening-, or he might wish to write, or to study some subject in which he is interested. .This is the creative type of character. For him, his leisure hours are full of promise and he can look back on them with satisfaction when he reviews what he has achieved in them.

Leisure should be refreshment; it should send a man out with fresh spirits to battle with the problems of life. Sometimes this freshness comes not from doing anything, but by filling one's mind with fresh springs of beauty. A man gets full value from his leisure by contemplating nature, listening to music, or reading noble books. By this sort of occupation he may not have made anything that he can show, but he has none the less recreated his own source of inspiration and made his own mind a richer fuller treasure house. This is the true use of leisure.