Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

• Indirect Speech is formed according to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses. The Verbs most commonly used to introduce the reported speech are: to tell, to say, to add, to notice, to explain, to inform, to remind, etc. Note: to say smth. (to smb); to tell smb.smth.

Tom said, ”My brother is learning to drive.” (The Present Continuous Tense)

Tom said that his brother was learning to rive ( The Past Continuous Tense)

Marat said, “Sometimes I go home by tram.” (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Marat said that sometimes he went home by tram. (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John, “You didn’t write exercise two” (The Past Indefinite Tense)

The teacher told John that he hadn’t written exercise two. (The Past Perfect Tense)

Bob Said, “My uncle has just arrived from Paris.” (The Present Perfect Tense)

Bob said that his uncle had just arrived from Paris. (The Past Perfect Tense)

If the reporting verb is in the present, the tenses that follow are usually the same as those used in the original statement.

• An order or request in indirect speech is expressed by the infinitive. The verbs most commonly used to introduce indirect orders are: to tell, to order, to command. Requests are usually introduced by the verb to ask. More emotional forms are: to beg, to implore, to urge.

My teacher said to me: ”Remember these grammar rules! ” My teacher told me to remember these grammar rules.

Ex.6. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, "I hope to pass the examination". 2. Henry said to me, "The teacher is listening to us". 3. Bob said to Tom, "I made no mistakes in the last dictation". 4. I told the policeman, "I saw the thief in the garden". 5. He said, "I have not read many English books". 6. Jack's father said to him, "You have not cleaned your shoes". 7. Mary said, "I do not want to wear my old dress". 8. My mother said to me, "I feel very tired and I have a headache".

Ex. 7.Choose the correct word from those in brackets.

1. My grandmother always ... me about her childhood.(says/ tells)

2. “Don’t do that! ” she ... them. (said/told)

3. Did she ... you where she had put my books? (say/tell)

4. When I was introduced to the actor he ... a few words about to me. (said/

told)

5. That little boy is very bad. He ... a lot of lies.( says/tells)

6. She ... to me she didn’t know what to do. (said/told)

7. He often ... things like that. (says/tells)

Ex. 8. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she had not got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I had not seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that he did not want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we did not understand his questions. 7. I told the taxi - driver that he was driving too fast. 8. He said that her children were playing in the garden.

Ex. 9. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mary said to her brother, "Take the letter to the Post Office, please". 2. The teacher said to Tom, "Collect the exercise-books and put them on my table". 3. The old man said to the little girl, "Do not run across the street". 4. The teacher said to the pupils, "Learn the poem by heart". 5. I said to my friend, "Meet me outside the cinema at 6 o' clock".

Ex.10. Translate the sentence from Kazakh into English.

1. Мен Джектен маған сөздікті беруін сұрадым. 2. Жол сапаршы автобустан секірмеуін сұрады. 3. Оқытушы тақтаны сүртуін сұрады. 4. Ол маған хатты жіберуім керектігін ескертті. 5. Әкем балаларға оның бөлмесіне кіруге тыйым салды. 6. Жол инспекторы бұл жерге машинаны қоюға болмайтынын ескертті. 7. Гид осы кішкене мұражайды аралауды ұсынды.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.

1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.

→ She asked ……. 2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.

→ Martin asked us ……… 3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"

→ He asked ………. 4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter. → The mother asked her daughter ……….

5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend. → She asked her boyfriend ……..

6. "What are they doing?" she asked.

→ She wanted to know ……. 7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me. → He wanted to know …………

8.The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?" → The teacher wanted to know ………

10. "How do you know that?" she asked me. → She asked me ……… 11. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me. → My friend asked me ……….

Ex.12. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.

1.He said, "I like this song."

→ He said ……..

2."Where is your sister?" she asked me.

→ She asked me ………. 3."I don't speak Italian," she said.

→ She said ……….. 4."Say hello to Jim," they said.

→ They asked me ……… 5."The film began at seven o'clock," he said.

→ He said ……….. 6."Don't play on the grass, boys," she said. → She told the boys …………

7."Where have you spent your money?" she asked him. → She asked him …………

8."I never make mistakes," he said.

→ He said ………… 9."Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know. → He wanted to know …………..

10."Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience. → The stuntman advised the audience ……………

UNIT 14

GETTING A JOB

Text: Employment Agencies.

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

Employment Agencies.

In Britain there is a special service for school leavers, the Careers Advisory Service, which helps young people who are looking for their first job. Careers Officers give practical advice on interview techniques, application forms, letters, pay, National Insurance and Trade Unions.

One business organization that you may use when you are job-hunting is an employment agency. There are the state employment services and nonprofit agencies that do not receive fees for finding jobs for people. There exist also private employment agencies which receive a fee. Some employment agencies see applicants without an appointment. These include the state employment agencies and nonprofit agencies. Counselors there may spend a few minutes with each applicant.

But an agency that deals with technical and higher – salaried jobs, spends much more time with each applicant. Appointments are necessary in this type of agency , where a counselor may be able to see only a few applicants a day. An interview for any kind of job, whether the interview is obtained through a friend, classified advertisement, or an agency, generally requires an appointment. It is important to be on time for your appointment. If you have made an appointment and cannot keep it, or if you will be more than ten minutes late, you should always call the interviewer. If you do cancel the appointment or notify the interviewer that you will be late, you will create a negative impression on your possible employer.

To make efficient use of time, American business people schedule their days hour by hour. In most American business situations, appointments are a necessary courtesy.