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Setup and Solution

d. Click Load to load the UDF.

21.4.6. Materials

1. Modify the properties for air, which will be used for the primary phase.

Setup → Materials → air → Edit...

The properties used for air are modified to match data used by Kuipers et al. [1]

a.Enter 1.2 kg/m3 for Density.

b.Enter 994 J/kg-K for Cp.

c.Select user-defined from the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list to open the User Defined Functions dialog box.

i.Select conduct_gas::libudf from the available list.

ii.Click OK to close the User Defined Functions dialog box.

d.Click Change/Create.

2.Define a new fluid material for the granular phase (the glass beads).

Setup → Materials → air → Edit...

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a.Enter solids for Name.

b.Select solids from the Fluent Fluid Materials drop-down list.

c.Enter 2660 kg/m3 for Density.

d.Enter 737 J/kg-K for Cp.

e.Retain the selection of user-defined from the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list.

f.Click the Edit... button to open the User Defined Functions dialog box.

i.Select conduct_solid::libudf in the User Defined Functions dialog box and click OK.

A Question dialog box will open asking if you want to overwrite air.

ii.Click No in the Question dialog box.

g.Click Change/Create and close the Materials dialog box.

21.4.7. Phases

You will now configure the phases.

1. Define air as the primary phase.

Setup → Models → Multiphase → Phases → phase-1 - Primary Phase → Edit...

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Setup and Solution

a.Enter air for Name.

b.Ensure that air is selected from the Phase Material drop-down list.

c.Click OK to close the Primary Phase dialog box.

2.Define solids (glass beads) as the secondary phase.

Setup → Models → Multiphase → Phases → phase-2 - Secondary Phase → Edit...

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a. Enter solids for Name.

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Setup and Solution

b.Select solids from the Phase Material drop-down list.

c.Enable Granular.

d.Retain the default selection of Phase Property in the Granular Temperature Model group box.

e.Enter 0.0005 m for Diameter.

f.Select syamlal-obrien from the Granular Viscosity drop-down list.

g.Select lun-et-al from the Granular Bulk Viscosity drop-down list.

h.Select constant from the Granular Temperature drop-down list and enter 1e-05.

i.Enter 0.6 for the Packing Limit.

j.Click OK to close the Secondary Phase dialog box.

3.Define the interphase interactions formulations to be used.

Setup → Multiphase → Phase Interactions Edit...

a.In the Drag tab, select syamlal-obrien from the Drag Coefficient drop-down list.

b.In the Heat tab, select gunn from the Heat Transfer Coefficient drop-down list.

The interphase heat exchange is simulated, using a drag coefficient, the default restitution coefficient for granular collisions of 0.9, and a heat transfer coefficient. Granular phase lift is not very relevant in this problem, and in fact is rarely used.

c.In the Interfacial Area tab, select ia-symmetric from the Interfacial Area drop-down list.

The default ia-particle method is best suited for typical dispersed flow applications with a volume fraction lower than 30%. In this analysis, the volume fraction of the secondary phase is relatively high (close to 60%). The ia-symmetric correlation is more accurate for such cases because it considers

the volume fraction of both the primary and secondary phases in the interfacial area calculation.

d.Click OK to close the Phase Interaction dialog box.

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