7. В заключение можно сделать вывод, что в реальной действительности

экономическая интеграция промышленно

развитых стран обеспечивает им ряд преимуществ, в

том числе: а) более широкий доступ к разного рода ресурсам

—финансовым, трудовым, материальным, инже-

нерно-технологическим; б) возможность оперировать на

более широком международном рыночном пространстве;

в) создание привилегированных условий для фирм стран-

участниц и совместные решения сложных социальных,

технических, экономических и иных проблем. Но вместе

с тем конкурентная борьба между региональными экономи

19.7. Development

19.7.1. Reading (skimming, scanning for subject and language stady)

ч е с к и м и

объединениями,

о ч е в и д н о ,

сохранится.

19.7.1.1. Read the text “gatt’s Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations — a Predecessor of wto.”

Choose two issues out of the nine considered at the Uruguay round of negotiations and comment on them.

GATTs Uruguay Round o f Trade Negotiations — a Predecessor o f WTO

The Uruguay round of trade negotiations is rightly regarded as a predecessor of the World Trade

Organization (WTO). The eighth round of trade negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade (GATT) opened at Punta del Este, Uruguay in 1986. The aim, as with previous rounds

(Tokyo round of trade negotiations), was to reduce trade restrictions and to encourage free trade on a

multilateral basis. The negotiations sought to obtain agreements in the following main subject areas:

(a) the reduction in trade-distorting agricultural subsidies; (b) the reduction of restrictions on imports

of tropical produce; (c) the reduction of tariffs on industrial goods; (d) the reduction of restrictions

on foreign investment; (e) the review of the rules governing the origin of imports (certificate of

origin); (0 a review of the rules governing the application of anti-dumping measures; (g) the reduction

of restraints on trade in services, such as banking, insurance, transport, tourism, telecommunications

(invisibles); (h) the international protection of intellectual property rights (e.g. patents, trademarks,

copyright); (i) the review of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement. The negotiations were concluded

and agreement signed in 1994. Industrial tariffs in developed countries were to be reduced from an

average of 6.3 per cent to 3.9 per cent and the proportion of imports free of tariffs was to be increased

from 20 per cent to 43 per cent. All tariffs were to be “bound,” that is never raised. The Multi-Fibre

Arrangement was to be phased out. For the first time, services were to be, in principle, subject to the

same multilateral trading rules as industrial products. However, agreement could not be reached on

telecommunications, financial services, and shipping. Under the General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade, agriculture had been excluded from many provisions which applied to other products, such as

those relating to export subsidies and import quotas. The Umguay Agreement brought agriculture

Into the multilateral system of trading rules. Non-tariff barriers were converted into tariffs and these

tariffs were to be reduced by 36 per cent over a six-year period. Countries could not impose quotas,

minimum import prices, restrictive licences, or variable levies on imports. Constraints were placed

on subsidies that distort trade which will become more stringent over time. Agricultural export subsidies

were to be reduced. The World Trade Organization was set up to replace GATT.

282

Commentary and Notes to Text 19.7.1.1

1. on a multilateral basis — на многосторонней основе

2. the reduction in trade-distorting agricultural subsidies — снижение субсидий в сельском

хозяйстве, деформирующих торговлю

3. certificate of origin — сертификат происхождения

4. invisibles — невидимые (статьи торговли, например, телекоммуникационные)

5. the Multiple-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) — международное соглашение по квотированию

текстильных материалов и товаров из них; в соответствии с Уругвайским раундом переговоров

его действие должно прекратиться (до 2005 г.)

6. all tariffs were to be “bound” — все тарифы должны были быть обязательными (т. е. неизменными)

7. to phase out — прекращаться (постепенно)

8. provisions — положения соглашения

9. variable levies — изменяющиеся налоги

19.7.1.2. Read the text “GATT’s Tokyo Round of Trade Negotiations” and explain how you understood

the item (b) — one of the basic clauses of the Tokyo round of negotiations.

The Tokyo round of trade negotiations of 1974— 1979 held under the auspices of GATT was the

seventh in the history of this international forum. These negotiations began in 1974, after the passing

in the United States of the Trade Act, which gave the President powers to negotiate. The negotiations

were concluded at the end of 1979. Agreement was reached on the following matters:

(a) The major developed countries agreed to reduce their tariffs by, on the average, one-third

over a period ending on 1 January 1987.

(b) A new code of conduct was drawn up covering customs-valuation procedures, barriers caused

by technical specifications, import licences, and government procurement policies. For instance,

the American Selling Price system was abolished. Under this system the United States revalued

imports of chemicals to the higher level of that charged by US domestic producers and then calculated

the import duty on this higher figure.

(c) A new code was also agreed concerning the application of countervailing duties. These duties

may only be applied when it can be demonstrated that material injury is being caused to the

domestic producers of a commodity because of the importation of that commodity from a subsidized

overseas source (contingent protection, dumping).

Commentary and Notes to Text 19.7.1.2

1. under the auspices — под эгидой

2. code(s) of conduct — нормы поведения

3. government procurement policies — политика государственных закупок

4. countervailing duties — компенсационные пошлины, зависящие от обстоятельств

5. material injury — материальный ущерб

By the middle of the 1990s integration processes were begun in South America, which resulted

in a customs union of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. By the Treaty of Asuncion in 1991

and a final Protocol signed in 1994, they agreed to establish the MERCOSUR, or Southern Cone

common market between their four countries from January 1995. Tariffs were abolished on about

90 per cent of intra-MERCOSUR trade. Tariffs, retained on specified exemptions, were to be

removed by 1999. At the same time a Common External Tariff (CET) ranging from zero to 20 per

cent was levied against about 90 per cent of goods imported from outside the union. Particular

exemptions to this CET regime were to be lifted by 2001. In 1996 Bolivia and Chile became associate

members. Most non-agricultural trade between Chile and MERCOSUR would be free of

tariff protection by 2004 and on agricultural products by 2014.

GATT’s Tokyo Round o f Trade Negotiations

19.7.1.3. Read and translate the text “TVade Pact — MERCOSUR”

Trade Pact - MERCOSUR

283

Commentary and Notes to Text 19.7.1.3

1. MERCOSUR — Общий рынок Южного конуса

2. the Treaty of Acuncion — Асунсьонский договор

3. exemptions — исключения

4. a Common External Tariff (CET) — общий внешний тариф

19.7.1.4. Read the text “Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)” and answer

the question: What is the main aim of the member nations of CARICOM?

Regional integration policy directed towards the recovery of small- and medium-sized businesses

in developing countries may be illustrated by the striving of the Caribbean nations to create a Common

Market. Formed in 1973, the Caribbean Community has fourteen member states: Belize, Guyana,

and Surinam on the American mainland and Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica,

Montserrat, St Christopher/Nevis/Anguilla, St Lucia, St Vincent, and Trinidad/Tobago in the Caribbean.

The Bahamas is also a member of the Community, although not of the Common Market.

The Community has a secretariat in Georgetown, Guyana. The British Virgin Islands and the Turks

and Caicos Islands are associate members. A Common External Tariff has been set up and restrictions

on foreign exchange and the free movement of skilled workers have been eased. The aim is the

eventual establishment of a Common Market with monetary union. In 1996, discussions were held

with a view to the setting up of a free-trade area with the Central American Common Market.

Commentary and Notes to Text 19.7.1.4