- •Лепешкина г.Г., семенова е.Г.,
- •Сontents
- •§1. Органы речи и их работа 226
- •Part I. Country studies
- •Geographical outline of the uk
- •3. Pronounce the following words paying attention to the pronunciation of ending -(e)s.
- •8. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative. Ask special questions about the words in italics.
- •9. Define the meaning of the verb “to be”.
- •11. Explain the use of the Indefinite Tenses in the following sentences.
- •13. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
- •14. Complete the following sentences using Present Indefinite, Past indefinite and Future Indefinite.
- •I think…
- •1. England; 2. Wales; 3. Northern Ireland; 4. Scotland
- •Lesson 2. Government and politics Grammar: Имя существительное. Род,число и падеж существительных. Артикль. Phonetics: Понятие гласных и согласных звуков.
- •2. Pronounce the following verbs. Mind the pronunciation of endings a) –(e)s; b) –ed.
- •I think…
- •19. A) Make written translation of the text. Make use of the words given after it. On the blessing of monarchy
- •Lesson 3 Economy
- •Phonetics: Долгие и краткие гласные звуки.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •2. Pronounce the following words paying attention to the short and long vowels.
- •3. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Make them negative and interrogative.
- •4. Insert the verb “to be”.
- •5. Insert “it is” or “there is”.
- •6. Insert personal and possessive pronouns.
- •7. Insert demonstrative pronouns.
- •8. Translate the sentences, paying attention to reflexive pronouns.
- •9. Insert indefinite pronouns.
- •10. Insert the article where it is necessary.
- •12. Give Russian equivalents.
- •15. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer.
- •16. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •17. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •18. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •Lesson 4. Education Grammar: Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Сравнительные конструкции. Phonetics: Словесное ударение.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •2. Mark stresses in the following words.
- •3. Write the following adjectives in the comparative and superlative degree.
- •4. Use the correct form of the adjectives given in brackets.
- •5. Form Participle I of the following verbs.
- •6. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative. Ask special questions about the words in italics.
- •7. Complete the following sentences using Continuous Tenses.
- •8. Open the brackets using the Active or the Passive Voice.
- •9. Insert articles where necessary.
- •11. Ask all possible questions.
- •12. Use the proper degree of comparison.
- •I think…
- •17. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •18. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •Образование с 16-ти лет
- •Образование с 18-ти лет
- •Unit II. The united states of america
- •The 13 original British-American colonies:
- •3. Distribute the words according the type of reading.
- •4. Write the three forms of the verbs.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •8. Use the verbs in brackets in the Passive Voice.
- •9. Change the following sentences from Active into the Passive Voice.
- •10. Insert the article where it is necessary.
- •I think…
- •14. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •15. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •Hawaii; 2. California; 3. Alaska; 4. South Dakota
- •Lesson 2. Government and politics Grammar Revision: Модальные глаголы Phonetics: Ритмика
- •4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •5. Insert modal verbs.
- •5. Open the brackets using the Active or the Passive Voice.
- •8. Give Russian equivalents.
- •11. Think of the correct place for each of the following words in the passage below.
- •12. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer.
- •13. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •14. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •15. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •16. A) Make written translation of the text.
- •America, the beautiful
- •Lesson 3. Economy Grammar: Времена группыPerfect Phonetics: Транскрипция
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •9. Choose the correct form of the Participle.
- •11. Give Russian equivalents.
- •14. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •15. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •The distribution of industries
- •Lesson 4. Education Grammar: Порядок слов в предложении. Phonetics: Фразовое ударение
- •6. Choose the correct pronoun to complete the sentences.
- •System of education in the usa
- •8. Give Russian equivalents.
- •11. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •12. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •13. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •Test on unit 2
- •Unit III. Canada
- •Geography and Nature of canada. General Facts
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •4. Give 3 forms of the following verbs.
- •5. Give the Degrees of Comparison.
- •6. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to Adverbial Subordinate Clauses.
- •7. Open the brackets using the right form of the Adjective.
- •From the history of Canada
- •10. Give Russian equivalents.
- •14. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer.
- •15. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •16. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •17. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •Lesson 2. Political System Grammar: The Perfect Continuous Tenses Phonetics: Интонация. Нисходящий тон.
- •2. Read the following sentences with the Falling Tone:
- •5. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Active Voice or the Passive Voice.
- •6. Give Russian equivalents.
- •9. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer.
- •11. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •12. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •Lesson 3. Economy Grammar: Безличные предложения Phonetics: Интонация. Восходящий тон.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •8. Give Russian equivalents.
- •1. Saskatchewan 2. Yukon 3. Ontario 4. Quebec
- •11. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer.
- •12. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •13. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •14. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •Lesson 4.Education Grammar: Словообразование Phonetics: Интонация. Нисходяще-восходящий тон.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •2. Read the sentences with rising-falling tone.
- •7. Insert the modal verbs “can”, “may”, or “must”.
- •11. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer.
- •12. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •13. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •14. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •15. Read the text and find answers to the following questions.
- •Education in Canada
- •Test on unit 3
- •Part II. Introduction into economics
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •3. Read and translate the following words.
- •8. Study §4.1 in Essential Grammar.
- •9. Form Participles I and II.
- •10. Define the functions of the Participles. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •11. Define the part of speech of the italicized words. Translate the sentences.
- •12. Find in the text “people and economy”: 1) a) Participles I and II and define their functions; b) nouns as attributes; 2) state the tense forms of all the predicates in the text.
- •18. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •19. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •20. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •21. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •22. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •23. Make up a plan of the text.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •6. Define the function of this, these, that, those. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •7. Translate the word combinations into Russian.
- •8. Define the part of speech of the italicized words. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •13. Think of synonyms (antonyms) to the following words.
- •14. Insert prepositions.
- •15. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •16. Find in the text definitions of the following:
- •17. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •18. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •19. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •20. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •21. A) Make written translation of the following. Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics
- •22. Make up a plan of the text.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •2. Read and translate the following words.
- •4. Translate the word combinations into Russian.
- •5. A) Study the following information.
- •6. Study § 4.3 in Essential Grammar.
- •7. Define the functions of the Gerund in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •8. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. Pay attention to Gerund.
- •9. Define the part of speech of the –ing form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •10. Define the functions of the infinitives in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •17. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •18. Find in the text definitions of the following:
- •19. From the text write out all the tpes of markets and try to explain the difference between them.
- •20. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •21. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •22. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •23. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •24. Make written translation of the following. Types of Production
- •25. Speak on the production and market.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •6. Define the degrees of comparison of the adjectives in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •7. Study § in 5.1
- •8. Translate the sentences with the Complex Subject into Russian.
- •9. Change the following sentences from active into passive.
- •16. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •17. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •18. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •19. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •20. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •21. From the text write out the advantages and disadvantages of the division of labour.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •2. Complete the table with the derivatives.
- •3. Translate the word combinations into Russian.
- •4. A) Study the following information.
- •5. Study § 6 in Essential Grammar.
- •6. Find the sentences containing the Absolute Participial Construction. Translate them into Russian.
- •7. 1) Find in the text “public and private sectors of economy” 1) Participles I and define their functions. 2) State the tense forms of the predicates in the text.
- •13. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •14. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •15. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •16. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •17. Arrange sentences according to the text.
- •18. Make up a plan of the text.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •2. Read and translate the following words.
- •3. Fill in the table with the derivatives.
- •4. A) Study the following information.
- •5. Study § 5.1 in Essential Grammar.
- •6. Find the sentences with the Complex Object. Translate them into Russian.
- •7. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. Pay attention to the Complex Object.
- •8. Explain the use of articles in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •9. Find in the text “monopolies and competition” 1) the –ing forms and define their part of speech. 2) State the tense forms of the predicates in the text.
- •15. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •16. Find in the text definitions of the following:
- •17. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •18. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •19. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •20. Arrange sentences according to the text.
- •21. Make up a plan of the text.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •2. Read and translate the following words.
- •3. Fill in the table with the derivatives.
- •4. A) Study the following information.
- •5. Study § 8 in Essential Grammar.
- •6. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •7. Find the sentences with asyndetically connected clauses and translate them into Russian.
- •8. Put the verb into the correct form.
- •9. Read the sentences. Pay attention to the second conditional. Translate them into Russian.
- •10. Define which type of conditional sentences these are.
- •11. Put the verb into the correct form.
- •12. State the tense forms of the predicates in the text ”income and interests”.
- •18. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •19. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •20. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •21. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •22. Arrange sentences according to the text.
- •23. Make up a plan of the text.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •2. Complete the table with the derivatives.
- •3. A) Study the following information.
- •4. A) Translate the following phrases into Russian.
- •11. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •12. Find in the text definitions of the following:
- •7. From the text write out the sources of profit.
- •8. Ask questions to the underlined words.
- •13. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •14. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •15. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •16. Arrange sentences according to the text.
- •18. Speak on profits.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •1. Classify the words according to the type of their reading.
- •6. Inthe text “stock markets” 1) State the functions of non-finite forms of the verb. 2)State the tense forms of the predicates.
- •12. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •13. Find in the text definitions of the following:
- •14. Read the sentences from the text, underline the verbs and state their tense form.
- •15. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
- •16. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English, using the verbs in the Present Indefinite, Present Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous.
- •17. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Tenses.
- •18. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •19. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.
- •20. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •21. Arrange sentences according to the text.
- •22. Make up a plan of the text.
- •Vocabulary on the text
- •5. Translate word combinations paying attention to nouns as attributes.
- •13. Fill in the blanks with the Vocabulary on the text.
- •14. Find in the text definitions of:
- •15. Read the sentences from the text, underline the verbs and state their tense forms.
- •16. Insert the proper form of the verb to be. Use the Present Indefinite Tense.
- •17. Translate the following sentences from the text into Russian. Pay attention to the word one.
- •18. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the word one.
- •19. Answer the questions on the text. Use the following expressions to begin your answer:
- •20. Agree or disagree.
- •21. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •22. Arrange the sentences according to the text.
- •23. Read the following information.
- •24. Check yourself. Match the corresponding parts.
- •Some information about British Money
- •25. Read the text. Money
- •26. Make up a plan of the text.
- •§ 2. Классификация английских звуков
- •Согласные
- •Гласные
- •§ 3. Особенности английского произношения
- •§ 4. Английский алфавит
- •§ 5. Понятие о транскрипции
- •§ 6. Фразовое ударение
- •It is `not on the `table. I do `not `like it. He can`not `do it.
- •§ 7. Ритмические группы
- •§ 8. Изменение словесного ударения под влиянием ритма
- •It's `number seven`teen.
- •I have `eighteen `pens,
- •§ 9. Логическое ударение
- •§ 10. Английская интонация
- •§ 11. Нисходящий тон
- •§ 12. Восходящий тон
- •§ 13. Нисходяще - восходящий тон
- •Морфология
- •Существительные, употребляющиеся только во множественном числе
- •Артикль
- •Определенный артикль
- •Употребление определенного артикля.
- •Неопределенный артикль
- •Употребление неопределенного артикля.
- •Нулевой артикль
- •Употребление артиклей с именами собственными
- •Существительное в качестве определения
- •Способы перевода существительных в функции определения
- •Местоимения (личные, притяжательные, возвратные)
- •Степени сравнения прилагательных
- •Неопределенные местоимения some, any
- •Наречия времени, употребляемые с видовременными формами
- •§ 1. Числительное (the numeral)
- •Дробные и смешанные величины
- •2/3 Two thirds
- •4/9 Four ninths
- •3/5 Three fifths
- •9/10 Nine tenths
- •Глагол “to be”
- •Is Great Britain a parliamentary monarchy?
- •Is Great Britain a parliamentary monarchy? – Yes, it is.
- •Is Great Britain an absolute monarchy? – No, it is not/ it isn’t. Глагол “to have”
- •I have got enough time to visit the British Museum.
- •I have not (haven’t) got enough time to visit the British Museum.
- •§1. Словообразование
- •§2. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
- •Функции и значения модальных глаголов
- •§3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •§4. Неличные формы глагола §4.1. Participle (Причастие)
- •§4.2. Инфинитив и его функции в предложении
- •§4.3. The Gerund (Герундий)
- •§ 5.Инфинитивные обороты §5.1. Объектный инфинитивный оборот «сложное дополнение» (Complex Object)
- •§5.2. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот «сложное подлежащее» (Complex Subject)
- •§6. The Absolute Participle Construction (Независимый причастный оборот)
- •§7. Бессоюзное присоединение определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложений
- •§8. Conditional Sentences (Условные предложения)
- •§9. Reported Speech (Косвенная речь)
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Лингвострановедческий комментарий
- •Vocabulary
- •Список использованной литературы:
- •Лепешкина Галина Геннадьевна
- •Семенова Елена Григорьевна
- •Cтавцева Екатерина Владимировна
- •Введение в экономику
Lesson 2. Government and politics Grammar: Имя существительное. Род,число и падеж существительных. Артикль. Phonetics: Понятие гласных и согласных звуков.
Before you read text 2 see if you know answers to the following questions.
What type of state is the UK?
Who is the Head of State?
Who appoints the Prime Minister?
What is the Commonwealth?
Who is the Head of the Commonwealth?
What is the role of the British Parliament?
What parts does British Parliament consist of?
Which of the chambers is elected?
What is the role of each chamber in law-making?
Who becomes the Prime Minister?
Who is the Speaker?
What is “Shadow Cabinet”?
What are the main political parties in the United Kingdom?
What are the powers of the Queen?
1. Read the text “POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE UK” and translate it into Russian.
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE UK
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state; the monarch of the UK also serves as head of state of fifteen other Commonwealth countries, putting the UK in a personal union with those other states. The Crown has sovereignty over the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey. Collectively, these three territories are known as the Crown Dependencies, lands owned by the British monarch but not part of the United Kingdom. They are not part of the European Union. However, the Parliament of the United Kingdom has the authority to legislate for the dependencies, and the British government manages their foreign affairs and defense.
The UK has fourteen overseas territories around the world, the last remaining territories of the British Empire. The overseas territories are not considered part of the UK, but in most cases the local populations have British citizenship and the right of abode in the UK. This has been the case since 2002.
The UK has a parliamentary government based on strong traditions: the Westminster system has been emulated around the world — a legacy of the British Empire.
The UK's constitution governs the legal framework of the country and consists mostly of written sources, including statutes, judge made case law, and international treaties. As there is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered to be "constitutional law," the British Parliament can perform "constitutional reform" simply by passing Acts of Parliament and thus has the power to change or abolish almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution. However, no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change. The United Kingdom is one of the three countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution (the other two being New Zealand and Israel).
The position of Prime Minister, the UK's head of government, belongs to the Member of Parliament who can obtain the confidence of a majority in the House of Commons, usually the current leader of the largest political party in that chamber. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are formally appointed by the Monarch to form Her Majesty's Government. Though the Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet, and by convention HM the Queen respects the Prime Minister's choices. The Cabinet is traditionally drawn from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses, and mostly from the House of Commons, to which they are responsible. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, all of whom are sworn into Her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council, and become Ministers of the Crown. "The Rt Hon" Gordon Brown MP, leader of the Labor Party, has been Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service since 27 June 2007.
The Parliament of the United Kingdom that meets in the Palace of Westminster is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords, and any Bill passed requires the assent of HM the Queen to become law. A devolved parliament in Scotland and devolved assemblies in Northern Ireland, and Wales were established following public approval as expressed in referenda, but these are not sovereign bodies and could be abolished by the UK parliament.
For elections to the House of Commons, the UK is currently divided into 646 constituencies, with 529 in England, 18 in Northern Ireland, 59 in Scotland and 40 in Wales, though this number will rise to 650 at the next General Election. Each constituency elects one Member of Parliament by simple plurality. General Elections are called by the Monarch when the Prime Minister so advises. Though there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be called within five years of the previous general election.
The UK's three major political parties are the Labor Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Democrats, winning between them 616 out of the 646 seats available in the House of Commons at the 2005 general election. Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that only contest elections in one part of the UK such as the Scottish National Party (Scotland only), Plaid Cymru (Wales only), and the Democratic Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labor Party, Ulster Unionist Party.
Vocabulary on the text
abode, n ‒ пребывание, проживание (Syn: stay); place of abode ‒ местожительство, место жительства
abolish, v ‒ аннулировать, отменять, упразднять
approval, n ‒ одобрение; благоприятное мнение; public approval — общественное одобрение (Syn: approbation); (Ant: disapprobation, disapproval)
assembly, n ‒ (Assembly) Ассамблея (наименование законодательного органа в ряде штатов) legislative assembly — законодательное собрание; National assembly — национальное собрание
belong, v ‒ 1) (to) а) быть членом (клуба, организации, группы) б) быть частью (чего-л.) 2) (to/under/with) иметь отношение к (чему-л.), принадлежать к (какому-л. классу)
citizenship, n ‒ гражданство (Syn: nationality)
codify, v ‒ систематизировать, приводить в систему (Syn: systematize, classify)
constituency, n ‒ избирательный округ (представлен в палате общин одним депутатом)
contest, v ‒ состязаться, соревноваться; соперничать; оспаривать (приз, награду) (Syn: compete)
convention, n ‒ обычай, традиция, правила поведения (Syn: tradition, custom, usage)
dependency, n ‒ зависимая страна, зависимая территория; колония (Syn: colony) overseas, adj. ‒ заморский, заокеанский; заграничный
devolve, v ‒ 1) передавать (права, полномочия) 2) переходить к другому лицу (о должности, обязанностях, имуществе)
elect, v ‒ 1) избирать (голосованием) (Syn: choose) 2) выбрать (из некоторого числа)
emulate, v ‒ имитировать, копировать, подражать (Syn: imitate, copy)
executive ‒ 1. n 1) а) (the executive) исполнительная власть б) орган исполнительной власти (Syn: performer) 2) лицо, занимающее руководящий пост в структурах исполнительной власти; (Executive) глава исполнительной власти.
2. adj. исполнительный
exercise, v ‒ использовать, осуществлять, проявлять, применять
framework, n ‒ структура, строение (Syn: structure)
judge, n ‒ судья
legacy, n ‒ наследство; наследие
legal, adj. ‒ правовой, юридический; судебный legal system — законодательство (Syn: lawful, juridical, juristic)
legislative, adj. ‒ 1) законодательный 2) введённый законом, назначенный законом
majority, n ‒ 1) большинство to get/receive/carry/gain/win the/a majority — получить большинство; to have/hold the/a majority — иметь большинство; to win by an overwhelming majority — победить подавляющим большинством голосов (Ant: minority) 2) партия или политическая группировка, составляющая большинство в парламенте
privy, adj. ‒ (to) посвящённый (во что-л. секретное), осведомлённый (о чём-л. тайном); причастный (к чему-л.) Privy Council ‒ Тайный совет
referendum, n ‒ (pl. referenda); референдум, всенародный опрос to conduct/hold a referendum — проводить референдум
serve, v ‒ служить, работать, состоять на службе.
sovereignity, n ‒ суверенитет
statute, n ‒ закон, законодательный акт парламента; статут (Syn: law, decree)
swear, v ‒ (into) присягать, давать присягу
term, n ‒ срок, определённый период; длительность, продолжительность term of office — срок полномочий (президента, сенатора и т. п.) (Syn: period, duration, length of time)
treaty, n ‒ договор, соглашение, конвенция (Syn: contract, agreement, pact)
ultimate, adj. ‒ первичный, первоначальный, исходный, основной (Syn: basic)
be appointed ‒ назначаться
be drawn from ‒ избираться из
be responsible for ‒ 1) быть ответственным за что-л. 2) быть инициатором, ав
become law ‒ становиться законом
case law ‒ прецедентное право
have the authority ‒ иметь полномочия
obtain the confidence ‒ приобретать доверие
personal union ‒ личная уния
require the assent ‒ требовать одобрения (санкции)
тором чего-л.
Phonetic exercises