6. Define the degrees of comparison of the adjectives in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. Specialization leads to great increases in productivity.

2. One of the most important advantages of the division of labor is that it makes possible a much greater use of machinery.

3. It has made possible a great reduction of working hours, and, by providing for more leisure, has given people the opportunity to lead fuller and richer lives.

4. The wide use of machinery has led to a marked decline in the degree of craftsmanship.

5. We should recognize that turning back the clock to an earlier, less specialized way of life will reduce our real high standard of living.

7. Study § in 5.1

8. Translate the sentences with the Complex Subject into Russian.

1. This seller is said to be a monopolist.

2. Most markets are known to be world-wide.

3. Goods are supposed to begin as gifts of nature.

4. Products of advanced technology are considered to have world markets.

5. Foreign exchange market is thought to be very effective.

6. The negotiation power of buyers is known to affect the functioning of the market.

7. Local newspapers are considered to be the best market for second-hand cars.

8. Command economy is supposed to repress markets.

9. Wooden articles are sure to derive from trees.

10. Production process is likely to inVolve the efforts of many people.

11. In virtual markets buyers and sellers are unlikely to meet.

9. Change the following sentences from active into passive.

1. They employ 200 people in the company.

2. They have built a new bridge in our town.

3. Somebody was following us.

4. Somebody has stolen my wallet.

6. They will give the results after the match.

7. They cancelled all flights because of the storm.

8. A loud noise woke us up during the night.

9. Somebody robbed a bank yesterday.

10. My grandfather built this house.

10. In the text “THE DIVISION OF LABOUR” find 1) the sentences containing modal verbs and translate them into Russian; 2) State the tense forms of the predicates.

11. Read the text “THE DIVISION OF LABOUR” and translate it into Russian.

Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises

12. Give Russian equivalents.

Developed country; production process; industrial operation; division of labour; to split into; per day; pin factory; from start to finish; great increase in productivity; becomes extremely proficient; a much greater use of machinery; there is no opportunity; marked decline; to lead to fuller and richer lives; loss of job satisfaction; is free to decide.

13. Give English equivalents.

Уровень жизни; сокращение рабочего дня; создавать серьезные социальные проблемы; увеличивать ответственность рабочих; скорость, с которой выполняется работа; вносить элемент разнообразия; ряд отдельных операций; подсчитал; в день; на человека; от начала до конца; очень опытный; создавать оборудование; проявлять инициативу; значительный спад; лучше всего.

14. Choose synonyms (antonyms) from the following list.

To produce, large, special, division, able, to increase, important, wide, enormous, simple, to split, to carry out, start, to make, advantage, possible, to transform, full, rich, particular, to do, complex, finish, separation, unimportant, empty, disadvantage, to break down, to change, impossible, to perform, poor, small, to create, unable, to reduce, narrow, great.

15. Insert prepositions.

A. 1. … a developed country the production process is split … a very large number … individual operations.

2. The production … relatively simple things may be broken … … hundreds … separate operations.

3. One worker could … best make only one operation.

4. The whole operation was carried … … start … finish … by one employee and he was able to make a few dozens of pins.

5. To do his job perfectly the worker might concentrate … one operation.

6. Specialization leads … great increases … productivity.

7. A worker becomes extremely proficient … a particular operation.

8. There is no opportunity … the worker to exercise initiative.

9. The wide use of machinery has led … a marked decline … the degree … craftsmanship.

10. The teams … workers are responsible … assembling the entire product.

11. Specialization and division of labour make workers dependent … everyone else.

B. Division of labour or economic specialisation is the specialisation … cooperative labour … specific, circumscribed tasks and roles. Historically an increasingly complex division of labour is closely associated … the growth … total output and trade, the rise … capitalism, and … the complexity of industrialisation processes. Division of labour was also a method used … the neolithics to categorise different jobs, and divide them … skilled members of a society.

The division of labour makes trade necessary and is the source … economic interdependence

Increasing the specialisation may lead … workers … poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm … their work. This viewpoint was extended and refined … Karl Marx. He described the process … alienation; workers become more and more specialised and work repetitious which eventually leads … complete alienation. Marx wrote that "… this division of labour", the worker is "depressed spiritually and physically to the condition of a machine". He believed that the fullness … production is essential … human liberation and accepted the idea of a strict division of labour only … a temporary necessary evil.