- •Экономический английский
- •Contents
- •Раздел 1……………………………………………………………………..450
- •Раздел 2…………………………………………………………………..…455
- •Раздел 3……………………………………………………………………..473 Предисловие
- •Методическая записка
- •Part 1 Unit 1
- •1. Business Is Booming Almost Everywhere
- •Vocabulary:
- •2. Lada Can Hear Its Rivals Gaining AvtoVaz' dominance faces a serious threat as foreign car plants spring up in Russia
- •Slow off the mark
- •Vocabulary:
- •3. Can Stringer stop Sony malfunctioning?
- •Vocabulary:
- •4. Carmakers Eye Romania Factory
- •Vocabulary:
- •5. Privatisation Plan for Swisscom
- •Vocabulary:
- •6. Siemens Steps up China Growth
- •Vocabulary:
- •7.Hsbc usa Posts Robust Earnings
- •8.Hidden Value Let Loose Chipmaker Freescale, spun from Motorola, is a prime example of the power of spin-offs
- •9. Philip Morris Moves To Boost Food Unit
- •10. Japanese May Aid Chemicals Industry
- •12. Azucarera Agrees To Acquire Puleva In 590 Million Deal
- •14.Poison Pill Defence For News Corp
- •Part 1 Unit 2
- •Section 1 producing the goods lead-in
- •15. Japan's Production Increases But Analysts Expect Slowdown Soon
- •Vocabulary:
- •16. Manufacturing And the Price of Outsourcing
- •Vocabulary:
- •17.JpMorgan Steps up Indian Offshoring
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 costs and expenses, economies of scale
- •18. Eu Farm Agreement Reached, But Budget Questions Linger
- •Vocabulary:
- •19. Hitachi Raises Flat-panel tv Profile
- •Vocabulary:
- •20. Honda's 2nd Quarter Net Fell 8.5%
- •Vocabulary:
- •21. Ford Posts Record Results in Third Quarter
- •Vocabulary:
- •22. Ericsson Upbeat Despite Drop in Profits
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary
- •23. Latin America Starts to Compete
- •Its businesses are in better shape than its balance of payments might suggest
- •Vocabulary:
- •24. Bankless Banking
- •Vocabulary:
- •Stolen Jobs?
- •Vocabulary:
- •Part 1 Unit 3
- •Section 1 key economic indicators lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •25. Eurozone Recovery Boosts Confidence
- •Vocabulary:
- •26. Is the u.S. Current Account Deficit Sustainable?
- •Vocabulary:
- •27. Data Show Europe's Economies Are on Separate Paths
- •Vocabulary:
- •28. Dormant for Now, Inflation Shows Signs of Awakening
- •Vocabulary:
- •29. Will This Slowdown Be Satisfactory?
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 boom and bust lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •30. Losing Balance and Monentum?
- •Vocabulary:
- •31.The Next Downturn
- •Vocabulary:
- •32. The Economy Is Too Darn Hot
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 record highs and record lows; ups and downs lead-in
- •These words are used to talk about prices when they rise by larger amounts or increase quickly or sharply: jump, leap, roar ahead (up), rocket, shoot ahead (up), skyrocket, soar, surge (ahead);
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •33. Russia's booming economy
- •It's not about just oil and gas
- •Saving and spending
- •Home grown
- •Too fast to last
- •Vocabulary:
- •34. Euro-Zone Prices May Heat Up Soon
- •Vocabulary:
- •35. Rise In Orders Fails to Lift Economy Gloom
- •Section 4 money management lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •36. Tightening Has Begun To Take Hold
- •Vocabulary:
- •37. From t-shirts to t-bonds
- •Vocabulary:
- •38. G7 Cautions on Inflationary Pressures
- •Vocabulary:
- •39. Bank of Japan Pressed to Ease Monetary Policy
- •Vocabulary:
- •40. Fed Report Shows Economy Remains Robust
- •Vocabulary:
- •The Asian Crash
- •Vocabulary:
- •Part 1 Unit 4
- •Section 1 sellers, buyers, consumers, and key players lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •41. From Market Driven to Market Driving
- •Vocabulary:
- •42. Cadbury Shakes up Its us Drinks
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 marketing mix and target markets lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •43. Saturated Retail Market Could Limit Expansion
- •44. Mobile Market Expanding Rapidly in India Country adding five million new wireless connections per month
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 products, services and brands; upmarket and downmarket lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •45. Lg's White-Hot White Goods
- •Vocabulary:
- •46. A Brand New Opportunity In the Empty Nest
- •Vocabulary:
- •47. Everybody Loves a Winner — or do they?
- •Section 4 advertsing and promotion lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •48.Colgate Glides Past Stumbling Competitors
- •Vocabulary:
- •49. Electrolux Blames Fall on Paranoia
- •Vocabulary:
- •Chinese Imports Prompt Posco Discounts
- •Part 1 Unit 5
- •Financial instruments and stock exchanges section 1 raising finance lead-in
- •Texts to translate:
- •50. Stocks in trade
- •Vocabulary:
- •51. Ipsen ipo marks Paris high point
- •52. Swiss Machine Tool Group in ipo
- •Section 2 market players. Trading on the markets lead-in
- •53. Siemens Seeks us Expansion as adRs Launch
- •Vocabulary:
- •54. Bear Markets
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 unveiling results lead-in
- •54. Russian Stocks Climb to Record
- •55. Treasury Prices Fall as Investors Return to Stocks Rally in Equities Markets Puts Pressure on Bonds
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 4 derivatives lead-in
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Text to translate:
- •57. Future Perfect
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 5 wrongdoing, corruption, insider dealing lead-in
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Text to translate:
- •58. Soros found guilty of insider trading
- •59. Toyota Faces Insider Trading Probe Around Share Buyback
- •Vocabulary check
- •Investors shun Fibernet after rights issue
- •1. What was the strategic decision that required the capital Fibernet raised from the rights issue?
- •2. Using evidence from the text and your own knowledge, explain why you think that Fibernet used a rights issue of shares rather than taking out long-term loans.
- •3. Examine the likely reaction of shareholders to this financing decision in:
- •Vocabulary revision – unit 5
- •Part 1 Unit 6
- •Section 1 types of accounting and the basic accounting equation lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •60. The Power of Four
- •Imbalance sheet
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 the balance sheet
- •Balance Sheet for Wal-Mart
- •61. Bank Reform in Japan
- •Vocabulary:
- •62. Asset Finance
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 financial statements and the bottom line lead-in
- •63. Strong Fundamentals and Fundamental Analysis
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 4 bankruptcies lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •64. Bankruptcies reach another record
- •Vocabulary:
- •65. Bad Debts Build up at Lloyds tsb
- •66. Poor Planning
- •Vocabulary:
- •67. Turkey Outlines New Package of Radical Structural Reforms
- •Vocabulary:
- •Europe's Enron
- •Part 1 Unit 7
- •Section1 company structure lead-in
- •68. Tough at the top
- •Vocabulary:
- •69. Fit for Hiring? It’s Mind Over Matter
- •Vocabulary:
- •70. The Truth About Work
- •Vocabulary:
- •71. The new global shift
- •Vocabulary:
- •72. Firing the Boss
- •Vocabulary:
- •73. In the money
- •Vocabulary:
- •74. The rewards of failure
- •75. Executive Pay Soars But May Have Peaked
- •Mitsubishi Motors to rejig structure
- •Part 1 Unit 8
- •76. The physical internet
- •21St-century clippers
- •77. Negotiation Strategies
- •Vocabulary:
- •Troubled Waters
- •Part 1 Unit 9
- •78. Royal Insurance
- •Vocabulary:
- •79. Insuring for the future?
- •80. Papers, papers everywhere
- •Shop Around for the Best Car Insurance
- •Vocabulary:
- •Методические рекомендации
- •Основы реферирования и аннотирования. Практические рекомендации
- •Part 2 Unit 1
- •One world?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Expand the debate on globalisation
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the text.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Global capitalism, r.I.P.?
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Globalisation»
- •Part 2 Unit 2
- •Trade winds
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. The Harsh Truth About Outsourcing
- •It’s not a mutually beneficial trade practice – it’s outright labor arbitrage
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The race for the bottom
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Spoiling world trade
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Nothing’s free in this world
- •Vocabulary:
- •«World Trade»
- •Part 2 Unit 3
- •Bearing the weight of the market?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The future of the state
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Are the poor different?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Globalisation and tax
- •Shopping around
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text.
- •Inflation is dead
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Inflation»
- •Part 2 Unit 4
- •The “euro”
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Asking for trouble
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. The Perils of Partnership
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Euro Blues
- •In search of reality
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Europe. Economic and Monetary Union» Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 5
- •Worldbeater, inc.
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Behind america’s small business success story.
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Thoroughly modern monopoly
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text.
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Business and Businesses» Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 6
- •Instant coffee as management theory.
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Why too many mergers miss the mark
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and answer the questions on it:
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Johannesburgers and fries.
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Management. Marketing». Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 7
- •A smoother ride, but less fun
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Dancing in Step
- •Individual stockmarkets are increasingly being driven by global rather than local factors
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text.
- •Investors in south-east asian equities
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Do you want to be in my band?” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Fixed and floating voters
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. The uneasy crown
- •Making their case
- •Old hands
- •When the credit stops
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Financial Markets». Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 8
- •How safe is your bank?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The Collapse of Barings
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Liquid refreshments” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Central banks on the trail of the mutant inflation monster
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Monopoly Power Over Money
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Spot the trend” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The lloyds money machine
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Old news” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Rattling the piggy bank
- •Vocabulary:
- •Лексико-грамматические трудности перевода экономических текстов с английского языка на русский.
- •Лексико-грамматические трудности перевода экономических текстов с английского языка на русский.
- •Методическая записка
- •Раздел 1. Сущность процесса перевода. Словарь и словарные соответствия. Узкий и широкий контекст.
- •Раздел 1
- •Раздел 1
- •§1 Определение перевода
- •§2 Словарь и словарные соответствия
- •§3 Узкий и широкий контекст
- •Раздел 2
- •Раздел 2
- •§1 Перевод некоторых категорий слов
- •1.1 Термины
- •1.2 Сложные слова
- •1.3 Неологизмы
- •1.4 Имена собственные и географические названия
- •1.5 Названия организаций, учреждений, компаний и их сокращения
- •1.6 Интернациональные слова. Псевдоинтернациональные слова. Понятие коннотации слова
- •§2 Перевод сложных атрибутивных конструкций
- •§3 Перевод заголовков
- •§ 4 Лексические трансформации в процессе перевода
- •4.1 Дифференциация и конкретизация значений
- •4.2 Генерализация значений
- •4.3 Смысловое или логическое развитие при переводе
- •4.4 Антонимический перевод
- •4.5 Добавления и опущения слов в процессе перевода
- •§ 7 Способы передачи некоторых стилистических особенностей в процессе перевода
- •Раздел 3
- •§ 1 Выбор грамматической конструкции при переводе
- •§ 2 Порядок слов
- •§3 Модальные и вспомогательные глаголы
- •3.1 May (might)
- •3.2 Must
- •3.3 Should
- •3.5 Have to
- •3.6 Can (could)
- •§4 Инфинитив
- •4.1 Инфинитив в различных функциях
- •4.2 Инфинитивные конструкции
- •§ 5 Герундий
- •5.1 Герундий в функции обстоятельства
- •5.3 Герундиальный комплекс
- •§6 Причастие
- •6.1 Причастие в различных функциях
- •6.2 Причастные конструкции
- •6.3 Абсолютная причастная конструкция с предлогом with
- •6.4 Причастие в функции союзов и предлогов
- •§7 Страдательный залог (пассив)
- •§ 8 Оборот it is (was)… who (that, when и т.Д.)
- •§ 9 Служебные слова
- •9.1 Since
- •9.2 While
- •9.5 Once
- •9.6 Well
- •§ 10 Артикль
- •10.1 Определенный артикль
- •10.2 Неопределенный артикль
- •§ 11 Сослагательное наклонение
- •§12 Эллиптические конструкции
- •§ 13 Обзорные упражнения
- •Список использованной литературы
Mitsubishi Motors to rejig structure
Mitsubishi Motors (MMC), the Japanese carmaker 37 per cent owned by DaimlerChrysler, will reveal significant changes to its senior and middle management structure at a shareholders' meeting on June 26.
The changes reflect underlying tensions between the company's new German managers and established Japanese executives who found it difficult adjusting to the new culture.
The restructuring will aim to weed out managers whose more traditional mentality could delay the sweeping reforms under way under the new management. Other managers are also likely to be offered early retirement.
It is understood that both MMC's chief operating officer and president want to dispense with managers at any level who remain locked into the 'length of service' mentality and have acted ahead of this month's meeting together to weed them out.
Takashi Sonobe, president, recently demonstrated his commitment to reform when he announced 60 senior staff advisers - who were of an advanced age and made a marginal contribution to the company despite generous remuneration - would be removed in the next three years.
On arrival in January, Rolf Eckrodt, chief operating officer, appointed a 'COO Team' comprising about 25 mainly non-Japanese executives from DaimlerChrysler. This team, drawn from different departments, is responsible for overseeing the implementation oft company's restructuring plan.
It is understood that some long-standing members of MMC's middle and upper management resent the presence and power of the COO Team, all of whom are under 40 years old and who are controlling the strategic direction of the company.
The tension between the COO Team and some of MMC's managers has been described as stemming from Japanese managers with a 'job for life' attitude.This is not part of German management culture.
-
Explain what is meant by delayering.
-
Outline the “culture conflict” that seems to exist in this business.
-
Examine the possible reasons why the management of MMC wish to delayer the management structure.
-
Discuss the possible consequences for the efficiency of the business and staff motivation of the new management structure described in the article.
VOCABULARY REVISION – UNIT 7
Предприниматель; магнат; вновь образованная компания; совет директоров; руководитель компании; штат предприятия; отдел кадров; увольнять; сокращение среднего звена управления; выходное пособие; премия; вознаграждение; компенсация; рекрутинговая фирма; компания с упрощенной структурой управления; управление кадрами; штат; отдел кадров; фонд заработной платы; менеджеры высшего звена; менеджеры среднего звена; брать на работу; служащие; рабочие; руководство кадрами; менеджеры среднего звена; увольнения, охота за головами; дополнительные льготы и привилегии; выгнать с работы; компенсация, получаемая руководством при уходе с работы; увольнение
Part 1 Unit 8
TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS
UNIT 8
transportation and logistics
SECTION 1 GROUND, AIR AND SEA TRANSPORTATION, SHIPPING DOCUMENTS
LEAD-IN
Transportation and business logistics encompass a number of related functional areas. In its broadest sense, it can include traffic/transportation, warehousing, import/export operations, inventory control, purchasing, and customer service or sales order entry.
A truckload carrier is one that moves single shipments which fill-out the visible capacity of a trailer. They pick-up the freight at one particular shipper and deliver that freight to one particular consignee (customer or receiving location). There are a number of advantages to moving freight in truckload quantities. The two primary benefits are cost and time. A general rule in freight pricing is that the higher the weight, the lower the rate (cost) per pound. This is the result of carrier efficiencies derived from moving larger shipments. Carriers have a number of standard costs per shipment regardless of its size. They have to pick-up the freight, they have to move it from place to place, they have to deliver it, they have to generate a freight bill, and they have to collect the payment. This is characteristic of every shipment.
A transportation broker is a company that generally owns no trucks of their own. They solicit shipments from various shippers and mate them up with owner-operators looking for freight. An owner-operator is an individual who owns his own truck. The broker is paid for his efforts in matching-up the load with a truck, billing for the freight charges and collecting the revenue. The owner-operator is paid for the actual movement of the freight. It is a beneficial relationship for both parties. It is also a good economical means of moving freight for the shipper.
There are three primary documents used in a domestic truck shipment. These are the bill of lading (B/L), the carrier freight bill and the delivery receipt (D/R).
The bill of lading serves three primary purposes: a receipt from the carrier to the shipper for the goods received for transportation; a contract of carriage; a presumption of title to the goods.
The carrier freight bill is an invoice presented by the carrier to either the shipper or the consignee as a demand for payment for services rendered.
The delivery receipt is a document, issued by the carrier, which the consignee signs as a proof of receipt. It is also known as a proof of delivery (POD).
Air transportation is a completely different thing than truck freight. If you are shipping something by air freight, then there is obviously a critical time factor involved, otherwise you would not be willing to incur the additional cost.
Cargo airlines move freight directly for shippers and they also offer cargo space to freight forwarders and integrators.
Freight forwarders serve as an intermediary between the airlines and the shipping public. They buy large blocks of space on various airlines, called pallet positions, to various locations.
The air waybill is the air freight industry’s equivalent of the trucking industry’s bill of lading. It serves the same general purpose and contains essentially the same information.
Although relatively slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than transport by air for trans-continental shipping. Ship transport is done on ships and other vessels. These can be distinguished by propulsion, size or cargo type.
On the one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry cargo ships and tankers. On the other hand, cargo ships may be divided into universal ships designed to carry principal different types of cargo and specialized ships designed to carry one type of cargo. Such specialized ships as bulkers (bulk carriers), timber-carriers, reefer ships, tankers have long been known.
In the past two decades three trends in specialized ship design have emerged. One is cargo-carriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special purposes. The second is roll-on/roll-off ships, in which bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps permit vehicles to drive on board and drive off again, requiring only minimum dock facilities. The third trend is the container ship. The use of containers for cargoes has encouraged the design of ships specifically to carry containers.
Containerization means the consolidation of goods of single or mixed commodity into a freight container which may be closed or open. A container is designed to be handled mechanically throughout the transit. To support container ship operation a great deal of capital has been invested in depots, road and roll vehicles, ships, containers and port terminals.
VOCABULARY
logistics |
-логистика: наука о планировании, контроле и управлении транспортными, складскими и прочими активами, совершаемыми в процессе доведения сырья и материалов до предприятия, а готовой продукции до потребителя, передача, хранение и обработка соответствующей информации |
truckload carrier |
- грузовой перевозчик |
shipment |
- груз; партия товара; перевозка, поставка (товаров) |
freight |
- груз, фрахт; стоимость перевозки |
shipper |
- грузоотправитель; товар, удобный для перевозки |
consignee consignor |
- грузополучатель, консигнатор - грузоотправитель |
freight bill |
- счет за провоз; счет за фрахт |
collect payment |
- взимать плату |
transportation broker |
- транспортный брокер; оператор |
owner-operator |
- оператор-перевозчик (как правило, собственник транспортных средств) |
freight charges |
- грузовой тариф; плата за перевозку груза |
actual movement of the freight |
- фактическое передвижение груза |
bill of lading |
- накладная, коносамент |
carrier freight bill |
- счет за перевозку груза |
delivery receipt |
- расписка в получении |
air transportation |
- авиаперевозка |
cargo airlines |
- грузовые авиалинии |
integrated carriers |
- интегрированные перевозчики: перевозчики, в распоряжении которых имеется более одного вида транспорта |
freight forwarders |
- агентство по отправке грузов; грузовое транспортно-экспедиционное агентство |
pallet |
- паллет, поддон |
air waybill |
- авиагрузовая накладная |
dry cargo ships |
- сухогруз |
tanker |
- танкер, нефтеналивное судно |
universal ship |
- универсальное судно |
bulker (bulk carrier) |
- балктанкер; балкер; сухогруз (судно для перевозки массовых, навалочных, наливных или насыпных грузов) |
timber-carrier |
- лесовоз |
reefer ship |
- рефрижераторное судно |
roll-on/roll-off ships |
- трейлер, судно с горизонтальной погрузкой (выгрузкой) |
goods of single or mixed commodity |
- товары одной или нескольких разновидностей |
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
1) What does the notion “business logistics” encompass?
2) What are the responsibilities of a carrier in a truck shipment?
3) Why is the relationship between a transportation broker and an owner-operator mutually beneficial?
4) What documents are used in a domestic truck shipment?
5) What purposes does the bill of lading serve?
6) Who is the carrier freight bill presented to?
7) What is POD?
8) What are the functions of freight forwarders?
9) What types are all cargo ships divided into?
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Actually, logistics has its origin in the military. From that perspective, it refers to the movements of troops, equipment and supplies from one location to another.
In many companies the logistics department will typically include the areas of traffic, warehousing and export/import operations.
The terms “shipper” and “consignor” are interchangeable in transportation lingvo. This is the company, or person, who gives the freight to the carrier for shipment. The recipient of the freight, or customer, is typically referred to as the “consignee”.
If the freight is damaged at the time of delivery, you should note on the delivery receipt that the goods are damaged.
Integrated carriers function as both an airline and a freight forwarder. Generally, they own a smaller number of airplanes than an exclusive air carrier, and so, they must make use of the commercial airlines and other all cargo airlines for the volume they cannot handle with their own equipment.
The broker bills the shipper for the freight, then pays the owner-operator a percentage of the revenue for the transportation service provided.
Delivery charges (commonly referred to as freight) are based on the size and weight of the order as well as its' destination.
The future of container shipping was the topic discussed by a number of experts in London.
According to the estimates more than two thirds of the global general cargo trade moves in containers.
TEXTS TO TRANSLATE: