- •Экономический английский
- •Contents
- •Раздел 1……………………………………………………………………..450
- •Раздел 2…………………………………………………………………..…455
- •Раздел 3……………………………………………………………………..473 Предисловие
- •Методическая записка
- •Part 1 Unit 1
- •1. Business Is Booming Almost Everywhere
- •Vocabulary:
- •2. Lada Can Hear Its Rivals Gaining AvtoVaz' dominance faces a serious threat as foreign car plants spring up in Russia
- •Slow off the mark
- •Vocabulary:
- •3. Can Stringer stop Sony malfunctioning?
- •Vocabulary:
- •4. Carmakers Eye Romania Factory
- •Vocabulary:
- •5. Privatisation Plan for Swisscom
- •Vocabulary:
- •6. Siemens Steps up China Growth
- •Vocabulary:
- •7.Hsbc usa Posts Robust Earnings
- •8.Hidden Value Let Loose Chipmaker Freescale, spun from Motorola, is a prime example of the power of spin-offs
- •9. Philip Morris Moves To Boost Food Unit
- •10. Japanese May Aid Chemicals Industry
- •12. Azucarera Agrees To Acquire Puleva In 590 Million Deal
- •14.Poison Pill Defence For News Corp
- •Part 1 Unit 2
- •Section 1 producing the goods lead-in
- •15. Japan's Production Increases But Analysts Expect Slowdown Soon
- •Vocabulary:
- •16. Manufacturing And the Price of Outsourcing
- •Vocabulary:
- •17.JpMorgan Steps up Indian Offshoring
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 costs and expenses, economies of scale
- •18. Eu Farm Agreement Reached, But Budget Questions Linger
- •Vocabulary:
- •19. Hitachi Raises Flat-panel tv Profile
- •Vocabulary:
- •20. Honda's 2nd Quarter Net Fell 8.5%
- •Vocabulary:
- •21. Ford Posts Record Results in Third Quarter
- •Vocabulary:
- •22. Ericsson Upbeat Despite Drop in Profits
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary
- •23. Latin America Starts to Compete
- •Its businesses are in better shape than its balance of payments might suggest
- •Vocabulary:
- •24. Bankless Banking
- •Vocabulary:
- •Stolen Jobs?
- •Vocabulary:
- •Part 1 Unit 3
- •Section 1 key economic indicators lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •25. Eurozone Recovery Boosts Confidence
- •Vocabulary:
- •26. Is the u.S. Current Account Deficit Sustainable?
- •Vocabulary:
- •27. Data Show Europe's Economies Are on Separate Paths
- •Vocabulary:
- •28. Dormant for Now, Inflation Shows Signs of Awakening
- •Vocabulary:
- •29. Will This Slowdown Be Satisfactory?
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 boom and bust lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •30. Losing Balance and Monentum?
- •Vocabulary:
- •31.The Next Downturn
- •Vocabulary:
- •32. The Economy Is Too Darn Hot
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 record highs and record lows; ups and downs lead-in
- •These words are used to talk about prices when they rise by larger amounts or increase quickly or sharply: jump, leap, roar ahead (up), rocket, shoot ahead (up), skyrocket, soar, surge (ahead);
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •33. Russia's booming economy
- •It's not about just oil and gas
- •Saving and spending
- •Home grown
- •Too fast to last
- •Vocabulary:
- •34. Euro-Zone Prices May Heat Up Soon
- •Vocabulary:
- •35. Rise In Orders Fails to Lift Economy Gloom
- •Section 4 money management lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •36. Tightening Has Begun To Take Hold
- •Vocabulary:
- •37. From t-shirts to t-bonds
- •Vocabulary:
- •38. G7 Cautions on Inflationary Pressures
- •Vocabulary:
- •39. Bank of Japan Pressed to Ease Monetary Policy
- •Vocabulary:
- •40. Fed Report Shows Economy Remains Robust
- •Vocabulary:
- •The Asian Crash
- •Vocabulary:
- •Part 1 Unit 4
- •Section 1 sellers, buyers, consumers, and key players lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •41. From Market Driven to Market Driving
- •Vocabulary:
- •42. Cadbury Shakes up Its us Drinks
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 marketing mix and target markets lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •43. Saturated Retail Market Could Limit Expansion
- •44. Mobile Market Expanding Rapidly in India Country adding five million new wireless connections per month
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 products, services and brands; upmarket and downmarket lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •45. Lg's White-Hot White Goods
- •Vocabulary:
- •46. A Brand New Opportunity In the Empty Nest
- •Vocabulary:
- •47. Everybody Loves a Winner — or do they?
- •Section 4 advertsing and promotion lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Texts to translate:
- •48.Colgate Glides Past Stumbling Competitors
- •Vocabulary:
- •49. Electrolux Blames Fall on Paranoia
- •Vocabulary:
- •Chinese Imports Prompt Posco Discounts
- •Part 1 Unit 5
- •Financial instruments and stock exchanges section 1 raising finance lead-in
- •Texts to translate:
- •50. Stocks in trade
- •Vocabulary:
- •51. Ipsen ipo marks Paris high point
- •52. Swiss Machine Tool Group in ipo
- •Section 2 market players. Trading on the markets lead-in
- •53. Siemens Seeks us Expansion as adRs Launch
- •Vocabulary:
- •54. Bear Markets
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 unveiling results lead-in
- •54. Russian Stocks Climb to Record
- •55. Treasury Prices Fall as Investors Return to Stocks Rally in Equities Markets Puts Pressure on Bonds
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 4 derivatives lead-in
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Text to translate:
- •57. Future Perfect
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 5 wrongdoing, corruption, insider dealing lead-in
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Text to translate:
- •58. Soros found guilty of insider trading
- •59. Toyota Faces Insider Trading Probe Around Share Buyback
- •Vocabulary check
- •Investors shun Fibernet after rights issue
- •1. What was the strategic decision that required the capital Fibernet raised from the rights issue?
- •2. Using evidence from the text and your own knowledge, explain why you think that Fibernet used a rights issue of shares rather than taking out long-term loans.
- •3. Examine the likely reaction of shareholders to this financing decision in:
- •Vocabulary revision – unit 5
- •Part 1 Unit 6
- •Section 1 types of accounting and the basic accounting equation lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •60. The Power of Four
- •Imbalance sheet
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 2 the balance sheet
- •Balance Sheet for Wal-Mart
- •61. Bank Reform in Japan
- •Vocabulary:
- •62. Asset Finance
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 3 financial statements and the bottom line lead-in
- •63. Strong Fundamentals and Fundamental Analysis
- •Vocabulary:
- •Section 4 bankruptcies lead-in
- •Vocabulary
- •64. Bankruptcies reach another record
- •Vocabulary:
- •65. Bad Debts Build up at Lloyds tsb
- •66. Poor Planning
- •Vocabulary:
- •67. Turkey Outlines New Package of Radical Structural Reforms
- •Vocabulary:
- •Europe's Enron
- •Part 1 Unit 7
- •Section1 company structure lead-in
- •68. Tough at the top
- •Vocabulary:
- •69. Fit for Hiring? It’s Mind Over Matter
- •Vocabulary:
- •70. The Truth About Work
- •Vocabulary:
- •71. The new global shift
- •Vocabulary:
- •72. Firing the Boss
- •Vocabulary:
- •73. In the money
- •Vocabulary:
- •74. The rewards of failure
- •75. Executive Pay Soars But May Have Peaked
- •Mitsubishi Motors to rejig structure
- •Part 1 Unit 8
- •76. The physical internet
- •21St-century clippers
- •77. Negotiation Strategies
- •Vocabulary:
- •Troubled Waters
- •Part 1 Unit 9
- •78. Royal Insurance
- •Vocabulary:
- •79. Insuring for the future?
- •80. Papers, papers everywhere
- •Shop Around for the Best Car Insurance
- •Vocabulary:
- •Методические рекомендации
- •Основы реферирования и аннотирования. Практические рекомендации
- •Part 2 Unit 1
- •One world?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Expand the debate on globalisation
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the text.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Global capitalism, r.I.P.?
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Globalisation»
- •Part 2 Unit 2
- •Trade winds
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. The Harsh Truth About Outsourcing
- •It’s not a mutually beneficial trade practice – it’s outright labor arbitrage
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The race for the bottom
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Spoiling world trade
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Nothing’s free in this world
- •Vocabulary:
- •«World Trade»
- •Part 2 Unit 3
- •Bearing the weight of the market?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The future of the state
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Are the poor different?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Globalisation and tax
- •Shopping around
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text.
- •Inflation is dead
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Inflation»
- •Part 2 Unit 4
- •The “euro”
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Asking for trouble
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. The Perils of Partnership
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Euro Blues
- •In search of reality
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Europe. Economic and Monetary Union» Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 5
- •Worldbeater, inc.
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Behind america’s small business success story.
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Thoroughly modern monopoly
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text.
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Business and Businesses» Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 6
- •Instant coffee as management theory.
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Why too many mergers miss the mark
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and answer the questions on it:
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Johannesburgers and fries.
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Management. Marketing». Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 7
- •A smoother ride, but less fun
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. Dancing in Step
- •Individual stockmarkets are increasingly being driven by global rather than local factors
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text.
- •Investors in south-east asian equities
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Do you want to be in my band?” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Fixed and floating voters
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Translate the text.
- •2. Make an annotation on the text. The uneasy crown
- •Making their case
- •Old hands
- •When the credit stops
- •Vocabulary:
- •«Financial Markets». Topics for discussion
- •Part 2 Unit 8
- •How safe is your bank?
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The Collapse of Barings
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Liquid refreshments” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Central banks on the trail of the mutant inflation monster
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Monopoly Power Over Money
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Spot the trend” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. The lloyds money machine
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Read the text and outline the key points.
- •2. Translate the part “Old news” from English into Russian.
- •3. Make a précis and an annotation on the text. Rattling the piggy bank
- •Vocabulary:
- •Лексико-грамматические трудности перевода экономических текстов с английского языка на русский.
- •Лексико-грамматические трудности перевода экономических текстов с английского языка на русский.
- •Методическая записка
- •Раздел 1. Сущность процесса перевода. Словарь и словарные соответствия. Узкий и широкий контекст.
- •Раздел 1
- •Раздел 1
- •§1 Определение перевода
- •§2 Словарь и словарные соответствия
- •§3 Узкий и широкий контекст
- •Раздел 2
- •Раздел 2
- •§1 Перевод некоторых категорий слов
- •1.1 Термины
- •1.2 Сложные слова
- •1.3 Неологизмы
- •1.4 Имена собственные и географические названия
- •1.5 Названия организаций, учреждений, компаний и их сокращения
- •1.6 Интернациональные слова. Псевдоинтернациональные слова. Понятие коннотации слова
- •§2 Перевод сложных атрибутивных конструкций
- •§3 Перевод заголовков
- •§ 4 Лексические трансформации в процессе перевода
- •4.1 Дифференциация и конкретизация значений
- •4.2 Генерализация значений
- •4.3 Смысловое или логическое развитие при переводе
- •4.4 Антонимический перевод
- •4.5 Добавления и опущения слов в процессе перевода
- •§ 7 Способы передачи некоторых стилистических особенностей в процессе перевода
- •Раздел 3
- •§ 1 Выбор грамматической конструкции при переводе
- •§ 2 Порядок слов
- •§3 Модальные и вспомогательные глаголы
- •3.1 May (might)
- •3.2 Must
- •3.3 Should
- •3.5 Have to
- •3.6 Can (could)
- •§4 Инфинитив
- •4.1 Инфинитив в различных функциях
- •4.2 Инфинитивные конструкции
- •§ 5 Герундий
- •5.1 Герундий в функции обстоятельства
- •5.3 Герундиальный комплекс
- •§6 Причастие
- •6.1 Причастие в различных функциях
- •6.2 Причастные конструкции
- •6.3 Абсолютная причастная конструкция с предлогом with
- •6.4 Причастие в функции союзов и предлогов
- •§7 Страдательный залог (пассив)
- •§ 8 Оборот it is (was)… who (that, when и т.Д.)
- •§ 9 Служебные слова
- •9.1 Since
- •9.2 While
- •9.5 Once
- •9.6 Well
- •§ 10 Артикль
- •10.1 Определенный артикль
- •10.2 Неопределенный артикль
- •§ 11 Сослагательное наклонение
- •§12 Эллиптические конструкции
- •§ 13 Обзорные упражнения
- •Список использованной литературы
7.Hsbc usa Posts Robust Earnings
LONDON - HSBC Holdings plc's U.S. unit reported a 54% increase in third-quarter earnings, helped by a contribution from Republic New York bought at the end of last year.
HSBC USA, which completed the acquisition of Republic New York, increased third-quarter net income to $177 million (6210.1 million) from $115 million a year earlier.
Youssef Nasr, chief executive of HSBC's U.S. subsidiary, said the integration of Republic was going well.
"Cash earnings once again exhibited strong growth as the integration of Republic and HSBC USA continues to move forward, both ahead of schedule and with lower levels of restructuring costs than previously expected."
HSBC USA, the 13th-largest U.S. bank holding company by assets, increased revenues from domestic wealth management by 20% to $51 million. The bank's cost-to-income ratio in the third quarter was 51%, compared with 47% in the year-earlier quarter.
HSBC expanded in the U.S. last year by buying private bank Safra and Republic New York. Their contribution to HSBC's first-half profit was about $300 million.
HSBC's Canadian business also reported third-quarter results, revealing an 11% rise in net income to C$50 million (38.8 million euro).
HSBC Bank Canada launched its Internet banking service to all its personal customers in the third quarter.
HSBC, with businesses covering North and South America, Europe and Asia, in July reported a 28% increase in first-half profit. Its shares, up nearly 3% on Tuesday at 977 pence, have outperformed the broader U.K. market by about 20% this year.
VOCABULARY:
subsidiary - "дочерняя" компания
unit (in a company) – отдел, отделение, подразделение компании; слово имеет широкий синонимический ряд – arm, division, branch, department, a business
wealth management – управление состояниями: комплекс высококачественных консультационных услуг, охватывающих все аспекты финансовой жизни клиента (финансовые вложения, планирование, бухгалтерский учет и налогообложение, юридические вопросы и пр.).
cost-to-income ratio – отношение операционных расходов к операционным доходам
TRANSLATION NOTES:
HSBC Holdings plc – одна из крупнейших в мире организаций по предоставлению банковских и финансовых услуг со штаб-квартирой в Лондоне. Основана в 1865 году для финансирования растущей торговли между Китаем и странами Европы, чем объясняется её название - Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited.
Its shares have outperformed…. – Цены её акций превысили цены акций других компаний… (Сравните: the goods were outpriced from the market… - эти товары были вытеснены с рынка из-за ценовой конкуренции…)
VOCABULARY CHECK
-
В американском праве основными формами предпринимательства являются индивидуальное частное предприятие, товарищество, корпорация.
-
Коммунальные предприятия предоставляют такие услуги как теплоснабжение, обеспечение электроэнергией, водоснабжение.
-
Компании, занимающиеся недвижимостью, получают прибыль от покупки, продажи, сдачи в аренду помещений.
-
Национализированная компания является государственной.
-
Компания, число акционеров которой насчитывает от двух до пятидесяти, акции которой недоступны для покупки широкой публикой, является частной компанией с ограниченной ответственностью.
-
Акции открытой компании с ограниченной ответственностью находятся в открытой продаже на фондовой бирже.
-
Акционерный капитал большинства компаний подразделяется на обыкновенный и привилегированный акционерный капитал.
-
Собственный капитал может иметь форму наличных денежных средств или таких активов, как здания, торговые площади, транспортные средства.
-
Дочерняя компания - самостоятельное предприятие, контрольный пакет акций которой принадлежит материнской компании.
-
Правительству принадлежит контрольный пакет акций этой компании.
-
Правительство уменьшило свою долю в капитале этой фирмы со 100% до 72%.
SECTION 3 RESTRUCTURING
LEAD-IN
Every company tries to take advantage of current opportunities targeting different goals. In the process of restructuring it can aim at profit increase, building up its geographic scope, product differentiation, acquiring breakthrough technology and so on. There are several ways of improving the performance of the company: internal development; scope contraction (divestment, spin-offs, LBOs, MBOs); scope expansion (mergers and acquisitions or strategic alliances).
A group containing many types of business is diversified. A group’s basic business activity, perhaps the one it originally started with, is its core business. The branch or division of a company that creates profits individually and separately from the main organization may be viewed as profit centre.
Businesses are often encouraged to concentrate or focus on their core activities and sell off, spin off, or dispose of non-essential assets. These assets are often referred to as non-core assets. A sale of assets in this way is referred to as a sell-off, spin-off, or disposal.
To divest means to sell off. Often referred to in the context of a company selling off divisions that are either a poor fit within the overall corporate strategy, or showing poor financial performance.
If you pull out of business activity, you abandon it, perhaps as part of a programme of restructuring or rationalization: reorganizing a business with the aim of making it more efficient and profitable.
In the process of restructuring companies can use such forms as: LBOs and MBOs.
Leveraged buyout, or LBO is a strategy involving the acquisition of another company using borrowed money (bonds or loans). The acquiring company uses its own assets as collateral for the loan in hopes that the future cash flows will cover the loan payments. There is usually a ratio of 90% debt to 10% equity. Because of this high debt/equity ratio, the bonds are usually not investment grade and are referred to as junk bonds.
The degree to which an investor or business is utilizing borrowed money is called financial leverage. Companies that are highly leveraged may be at risk of bankruptcy if they are unable to make payments on their debt. They may also be unable to find new lenders in the future.
Management buy-out or MBO is the situation when the managers and/or executives of a company purchase controlling interest in a company from existing shareholders. In most cases, the management will buy out all the outstanding shares and then take the company private because it feels it has the expertise to grow the business better if it controls the ownership. Quite often, management will team up with an organization providing finance in the form of venture capital because it's a complicated process that requires significant capital.
VOCABULARY
-
restructuring, rationalization
-организационная рационализация; усовершенствование: перестройка деятельности компании в целях повышения ее эффективности и прибыльности (напр. слияние части подразделений, продажа второстепенных производств и дочерних компаний, концентрация на определенных видах деятельности)
divestment
divestiture
- дробление компании (продажа подразделения или дочернего предприятия для аккумулирования финансовых ресурсов); “отпочкование” (преобразование подразделения компании в отдельное юридическое лицо с выделением части акций на пропорциональной основе)
divest , sell off, spin off, dispose of
- распродавать (дочерние компании); ликвидировать, приостанавливать (инвестиции); изымать капитал
sell-off, spin-off, disposal
- "отпочкование"; передача; отделение; создание другой фирмы путем отделения
spin-off company
- отделившаяся, "отпочковавшаяся" компания (фирма, отделившаяся от материнской компании)
mergers and acquisitions , M&A
- слияния и поглощения
diversify
- диверсифицировать (производство), производить многономенклатурную продукцию, вкладывать капитал в различные предприятия
core business
- «ключевой» бизнес, основная деятельность диверсифицированной компании
non-core assets
- неосновные, второстепенные, вспомогательные активы
profit centre
- центр прибыли: структурное подразделение, результаты деятельности которого измеряются полученной прибылью; подразделение компании, получающее прибыль
focus
- концентрация на определенных видах деятельности
pull out
- выходить из предприятия, отказываться от участия
leveraged buyout, LBO
- выкуп за счет кредита: покупка контрольного пакета акций корпорации, финансируемая выпуском новых акций или с помощью кредитов, которые должна погасить сама корпорация (обеспечением служат ее активы)
financial leverage
- финансовый рычаг [левередж] (рассчитывается как отношение заемного капитала к собственному капиталу; характеризует интенсивность использования заемных средств)
leveraged company
- компания с заемным капиталом, компания, частично финансируемая за счет заемных средств
high-leverage firm,
highly leveraged company
- фирма с высокой долей заемного капитала (со значительными долговыми обязательствами)
collateral
- обеспечение, залог
debt/equity ratio
- соотношение заемных и собственных средств (отношение суммы краткосрочных обязательств и долгосрочных заимствований к собственному капиталу; чем выше этот коэффициент, тем меньше защита кредиторов и больше финансовый риск)
investment grade
- инвестиционный уровень (обобщающее понятие, характеризующее наивысшие кредитные рейтинги, присваиваемые долговым обязательствам и заемщикам)
junk bonds
- "бросовые облигации": высокодоходные облигации корпорации с кредитным рейтингом ниже инвестиционного уровня; обычно выпускаются молодыми компаниями без солидной деловой репутации, часто используются при проведении поглощений и выкупов.
management buy-out, MBO
- внутренний управленческий выкуп: покупка компании или части компании группой ее управляющих
venture capital
- рисковый капитал, венчурный капитал, (капитал, вкладываемый в проекты, которые из-за своей новизны отличаются особенно высокой степенью риска и которые не удается финансировать с помощью традиционных средств внешнего финансирования)
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:
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What can a company aim at in the process of restructuring?
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What are the ways of improving the performance of the company?
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What is referred to as core business? profit centre?
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What terms do we use when we speak about a sale of assets?
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What does LBO involve?
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What is the usual debt-to-equity ratio in LBOs?
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When and why is venture capital used?
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Since taking over at Nokia two years ago, Mr Ollila has set about completing the company’s transformation from a sprawling industrial conglomerate to a group focused on telecommunications and electronics. More than 60% of group sales is accounted for by its telecommunications divisions.
After a promise to shareholders that it would return to its core photographic and health businesses, Eastman Kodak is to spin off its $4billion chemical subsidiary, the tenth largest in the United States, by the end of the year.
An example of a solid company that seems to have thrived on the strength of junk-bond financing is FMC Corp., which makes armored vehicles and other military equipment. Last year the company, its shareholders and employees bought out its stock in a leveraged buy-out financed by junk.
RJB Mining was the subject of a management buy-out last year that left Mr Budge and other directors in control of 25% of the equity, with the remainder in the hands of venture capital groups led by Schroders.
Turnover fell by 9% to $1.97 billion mainly because of divestments. The group said a further 17 non-core businesses had been sold during the year, and the disposal programme was now complete.
TEXTS TO TRANSLATE: