7. Vegetarians

The word "'vegetarians" was coined about 1840 to mean people who lived without killing "or food, either for normal or health reasons, or both. But the practice is much older than ::iat. Greek philosophers recommended vegetarianism and famous people who practised it in .ic past include Leonardo da Vinci, Tolstoy and Voltaire, Milton, Newton and Bernard Shaw. S -ireiy this proves that mental activity does not depend on flesh foods. What are the arguments :.ai might stop us from eating meat?

Man's body is more like those of fruit-eating animals (such as our "cousins'¹ the apes) that •;e those of flesh eating animals. For millions of years a man must have lived on fruit, nuts -. . J leaves and so developed a digestive system. Perhaps the more we move away from this diet a ards meat-eating, the less likely we are to be healthy. Cancer, tuberculosis and heart diseases certainly more common in meat-eating communities. Man may have started eating the flesh : animals during the ice Age when most of vegetation was destroyed.

A diet of vegetables, fruit, grains and nuts together with a few dairy products can give us :he vitamins and minerals we need. By eating meat we are getting the basic food elements .. ndhand after they have been digested by the animal. It is worth considering how wasteful , ./--caters are with land. A meat-eater needs about three times as much land to support himself - ; lis animals as a vegetarian does. For every 45 kilos of dry food eaten by cattle only 1.8-7.3 - come back as food for us, humans - an expensive method of producing food.

PARTTHREE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS (in Anatomy, Pathology and Pharmacology)

UNIT ONE

I	Speaking	Human Body
11	Grammar	Revision

I. Speaking: Human Body

After careful study of this unit, you should be able to:

• define the terms of anatomy, physiology, and pathology;

• describe the organization of the body from cells to the whole organism;

• name 10 body systems; give the general function of each;

• define metabolism and other processes;

• differentiate between extracellular and intracellular fluids;

• briefly explain the role of ATP in the body;

• list and define the main directional terms for the body.

Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

anabolism [з'пгеЬзДігзт] анаболізм anatomy [s'najtami] анатомія

ATP [eiti:pi:] (adenosine triphosphate 0e'den3,si:n,trai'fbsfeit]) АТФ (аденозин-трифосфорна кислота)

catabolism [кзЧжЬз.Іігзт] катаболізм cell [sel] клітина

homeostasis [,h3umi3o'st3isis] гомеостаз metabolism [ms'tajbsjizsm] метаболізм organ ['oigan] орган pathology [ps'Bstacbji] патологія physiology [,fizi'оізсізі] фізіологія

tissue ['tisju:] тканина

muscular ['nviskjuls] м'язовий

systems ['sistemz] системи (органів):

circulatory [,s3:kju:'l3it3ri] кровообігу

digestive [di'dsestiv] травна

respiratory ['resp3r3,to:ri] дихальна

integumentary [in,t3gju:'ment3ri] покривна

urinaryf'jusrinsri], excretory [eks'krr.tori] сечовидільна

nervous ['nsivss] нервова

endocrine ['endsukrain] ендокринна

glands [glasndz] залози

hormones ['Ьз:тзипг] гормони

reproductive [.rhprs'dAktiv] відтворювальна, статева Exercise 2. Read the text.

Everyone is interested in the body and how it works. Anatomy studies the body structure. Physiology is the term for the study of how the body functions. These two sciences are closely related. They form the basis for all medical practice.

Any changes in the structure of the body or its functions are considered a disease and are studied as a science of pathology.

All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex levels. Living matter begins with simple chemicals. These chemicals are formed into complex substances :hat make living cells - the basic units of all life. Specialized groups of cells form tissues, and tissues may function together as organs. Organs make up systems of organs, which maintain the body.

There are following systems of organs in the body:

• skeletal system (it supports the body):

• muscular system (it allows the body to move);

- circulatory system with lymphatic system transport nutrients, oxygen and other substances :: the body cells and carry away waste materials;

- digestive system (it takes food in and converts it into substances that the body cells can

-se):

• respiratory system (it takes oxygen in and releases carbon dioxide from the blood);

• integumentary system means the skin and its appendages: hair, nails, sweat and oil

- ands;

- urinary or excretory system (it eliminates waste products and water);

- nervous system (it receives stimuli and controls responses; memory and reasoning also ..■ jng to the nervous system occurring in the brain);

- endocrine system (it produces hormones for regulation of growth, metabolism,

mrroduction);

- reproductive system is concerned with the production of offsprings.

All the chemical reactions needed to sustain life we call metabolism. Metabolism can be : ied into two types of activities: catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones. Anabolism is the " - : ng of body materials.

The energy obtained from the breakdown of nutrients is used to form a compound of th. ceil we call ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

There are many kinds of fluids in the organism. Extracellular fluids carry nutrient substance -to and from the cell, bathe the cell, transport substances in and out of the cell. Intracellular nut-is in the cell.

Homeostasis is the steady state of the organism that maintains a state of balance within the body: body temperature, composition of body fluids, heart rate, respiration rate, blocv pressure. Homeostasis is maintained by feedback. Any changes in the body balance lead t>: norm violation, this mechanism is described as negative feedback.

Exercise 3. Text exercises.

1. Translate the text, title it.

2. Write out the underlined words, add them to your vocabulary, translate them.

3) A.sk your fellow student about each system of the body and its functions in theorganism.

Exercise 4. Find Latin or Greek equivalents of the English words:

body	skeleton	respiration	brain
organ	muscle	lung	gland
system	heart	skin	man
tissue	blood	urine	woman
cell	digestion	nerve	function

Exercise 5. Are the sentences true or false?

1. Anatomy is the study of how the body functions.

2. Pathology is the science of diseases.

3. The smallest unit in the organism is the cell.

4. An organ is the unity of tissues that functions together.

5. Homeostasis is the balance in the organism.

6. Intracellular fluid carries nutrients to the cells.

Exercise 6, Answer the following questions:

1. What are three studies of the human body?

2. Wliat is the cell? Tissue? Organ? System? (Give the definitions.)

3. Can you name 10 systems of organs? What are they?

4. What is metabolism?

5. What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

6. What is ATP?

7. Can you give an example of homeostasis? How does homeostasis maintain?

8. What do we mean by "negative feedback"?