II. Independent Work: Body Systems

Exercise 1. Learn new words, movement ['mu:vment] рух; переміщення blood vessels ['bUd'veslz] кровоносні судини tissue [tisju:] тканина cell [sel] клітина

nutrient [njuitriant] поживна речовина oxygen ['t>ksid3en] кисень

waste products ['weist'prodAkts] продукти розпаду to convert into - перетворювати в to extract - видаляти, витягувати to dissolve - розчиняти

carbon dioxide ['kaibsndai'oksaid] вуглекислий газ

to expel - виштовхувати, виводити назовні

appendage [Ee'pendid3] придаток

excretory [iksk'retari] вивідний, екскреторний

sense [sens] відчуття, чуття

stimuli ['stimju:lai] стимули

message ['mesid3] повідомлення

memory ['memari] пам'ять

reasoning ['ri:z(a)nirj] міркування

substance ['sAbstans] речовина

hormone ['ha:maon] гормон

growth [graoO] ріст

utilization [ ju:tilai'zeijh] використання reproduction [riprs'dAkJn] відтворення thyroid ['Oairoid] щитовидна залоза pituitary [pi'tju:it(a)ri] гіпофіз gland [gtend] залоза

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

Body Systems

The body systems have been variously stated to be nine, ten or eleven in number, depending on how much detail one wishes to include. Here is one list of the systems.

1. The skeleton system. The basic framework of the body is a system of over 200 bones and the joints between them, collectively known as skeletal.

2. The muscular system. Body movements result from the action of the skeletal muscles, which are attached to the bones. Other types of muscles are present in the walls of body organs such as the intestine and the heart.

3. The circulatory system. The heart and blood vessels make up the system when the blood is pumped by the heart to all the body tissues, bringing with it nutrients, oxygen, and other substances and carrying away waste materials. Lymphatic vessels play an important supporting role in circulation.

4. The digestive system. This system comprises all organs that have to do with taking in food and converting it into substances that the body cells can use. Examples of these organs are the mouth, gullet, stomach, intestine, liver, and pancreas.

5. The respiratory system includes the lungs and the passages leading to them. The purpose of this system is to take in air and extract oxygen from it. Oxygen is then dissolved in the blood and conveyed to all the tissues. A waste product of the cells, carbon dioxide, is taken by the blood to the lungs, where it is expelled to the outside air.

6. The integumentary system. The word integument means skin. The skin is considered by some authorities to be a separate body system. It includes the skin and its appendages: hair, nails, sweat and oil glands.

7. The urinary system. This is also called the excretory system. Its main components are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Its chief purpose is to rid the body of certain waste products and excess water. (Note that other waste products are removed by the digestive and respiratory systems and by the skin.)

8. The nervous system. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up this very complex system, which controls and coordinates most parts of the body. The organs of special sense (such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, and organs of smell), together with the receptors for touch and other senses, receive stimuli from the outside world. These stimuli are converted into impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain directs the body's responses to these messages and also to messages coming from within the body. Such higher functions as memory and reasoning also occur in the brain.

9. The endocrine system. Scattered organs known as endocrine glands produce special substances called hormones, which regulate such body functions as growth, food utilization within cells, and reproduction. Examples of endocrine glands are the thyroid and pituitary glands.

10) The reproductive system. This system includes the external sex organs and all relatedinner structures that are connected with the production of offspring.

Exercise 3. Remember the pronunciation of the names of the body systems,

skeletal ['skelit(3)l] скелетний integumentary [m,t3gju'ment(3)ri] покривний

muscular ['mAskju:b] м'язовий urinary Пи(з)гіп(з)гі] сечовий

circulatory ['s3:kju:btri] циркуляційний; що nervous ['n3:vss] нервовий

має відношення до кровообігу endocrine ['endsokrain] ендокринний

digestive [di'd3estiv] травний reproductive [ TKprs'dAktiv] репродукційний,

respiratory ['respsr3,to:ri] дихальний відтворний, що стосується розмноження

Exercise 4. Name the main functions of every system of the human body.

Exercise 5. Correct mistakes in the sentences.

1. The main system of respiration is the integumentary system.

2. The excretory system produces hormones.

3. The blood is pumped to all the body tissues by the muscles.

4. The stomach, liver and pancreas belong to the endocrine system.

5. The heart coordinates the functions of the body.

6. The lungs take in the air and isolate carbon dioxide from it.

7. The muscles are present in all parts of the body.

8. The skin is a separate body system.

9. The brain is an organ of the skeletal system.

10. The рифове of the respiratory system is to rid the body of certain waste products.

LESSON TEN

I	Speaking	Heart
II	Grammar Suffixes	1. Об'єктний відмінок особових займенників (§32). 2. Основні форми дієслова (§33). 3. Функції займенника it (§34). 4. Вживання слів much-little, many-few (§35)(n.) -er/-or (adj.) -ant, -ent