Visceral ['visaral] що стосується нутрощів
subserous [sAb'siares] підсерозний
extend [iks'tend] простягатись
upward [Apwad] вгору
level [levl] рівень
Vary ['veari] мінятись; змінюватись
proper ['ргора] правильний, відповідний; властивий, притаманний
Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks, use the words: varies, covered, extends, heavier. 1. The aorta ... from the upper part of the left ventricle. 2. The shape of the vessels .. they dilate. 3. The right lung is ... than the left one. 4. The lungs are ... with the pleura.
-.7. usual during emotiona. : On physical exertion the
T'r.e heart acts as a pumr :- :ons of blood are pumpec . was the first scientist te
rtention to their Latin/Greek
Ukrainian
ерія
черюла
■ апілярна судина
extends, heavier. rape of the vessels ... whe: ... with the pleura.
Exercise 10. Read the text, translate it.
Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation
The blood vessels together with the four heart chambers form a closed system for the flow of blood. They are divided into three groups: arteries carry blood from the ventricles (pumping chambers) of the heart out to the capillaries in the tissues (the smallest arteries are called arterioles); veins drain capillaries in the tissues and return the blood to the heart (the smallest veins are called venules); capillaries allow for exchanges between the blood and body cells or between the blood and air in the lung tissues. The capillaries connect the arterioles and venules. Aorta is the largest artery with thick walls because it receives blood under the highest pressure from the left ventricle.
All vessels together make up two circuits: pulmonary and systemic. Pulmonary vessels carry blood to and from the lungs. Systemic arteries and veins serve the rest of the body, supplying nutrients and oxygen to all the tissues and carry away waste materials from the tissues for disposal (Fig. 12-1).
We know that the venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation is brought to the right atrium of the heart. When the pressure in the right atrium has increased, the blood passes into the right ventricle from the right atrium.
During
the systole of the ventricle the blood is pumped from the right
ventricle into the pulmonary artery. When the right ventricle has
pumped the venous blood into the pulmonary artery, it enters the
pulmonary circulation. The blood is brought to the lungs through the
pulmonary artery. In the lungs the venous blood discharges carbon
dioxide. When the blood has discharged carbon dioxide, it takes in
oxygen in the lungs.
The blood, which has become oxygenated, passes from the enous part of the pulmonary capillary system into the veins, and venules. When the oxygenated blood has passed the four pulmonary veins, it is brought to the left atrium of the heart.
Under the pressure in the left atrium the arterial blood, a hich the pulmonary veins have brought to the heart, is pumped :nto the left ventricle. During the prolonged contraction of the eft ventricle, the so-called ventricular systole, the arterial blood s pumped into the aorta. When the left ventricle has pumped the arterial blood into the aorta, it is carried through the arteries to all ".he parts of the body.
We can control the work of our heart feeling the pulse. It is :he wave of pressure that travels along the arteries as ventricles contract (about 70-80 times per minute). The pulse can be felt in any artery that is relatively close to the surface. We can only press ::ie vessel down against a bone. Usually we feel the pulse on the "adial artery on the wrist.
Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by the blood -gainst the walls of the vessels. We measure BP with the help of sphygmomanometer [^sfigmsumq'nrjmita], and two variables are measured: systolic, which occurs during heart muscle contraction,
and diastolic, which occurs during relaxation of the heart muscle. The normal BP in adults is 120 to 80 mm Hg.
Exercise 11. Find English equivalents in the text.
Легеневе коло кровообігу, несуть кров до і від легенів, постачаючи поживними речовинами, повертають кров до серця, найвищий тиск, виштовхується з правого шлуночка до легеневої артерії, коли шлуночки скорочуються, можна відчути, просто притиснути, виміряти кров'яний тиск, що з'являється під час розслаблення.
Exercise 12. Read the following sentences and say what they are about.
1. This part of the heart discharges the blood received from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation. 2. This part of the heart discharges the blood received from the systemic circulation to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
Exercise 13. Read the list of disorders involving the blood vessels. Try to memorize these diseases.
Hypertension (high BP).
Hypotension (low BP).
Aneurysm (weakness of vessels).
Arterial degeneration:
- atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in vessels, may result in thrombus);
- arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries with scar tissue or calcium salts, may result in ischemia and cell necrosis).
Hemorrhage (massive loss of blood).
Shock (inadequate output of blood from the heart).
Varicose veins (swelling of veins in legs and rectum).
Phlebitis (inflammation of a vein).
Embolus (a piece of clot travelling in the circulation). 10.Pulmonary embolism (a clot lodged in lungs).
Control Tests. Cardiovascular System
1. We check BP with
A. cardiogram
B. tonometer
C. stethoscope
D. fingers
E. palpation
3. Between the right and left heart there is
A. an artery
B. a vessel
C. a septum
D. a valve
E. a wall
2. The greater circulation begins with
A. the right heart
B. the left ventricle
C. the right atrium
D. the right ventricle
E. the left atrium
4. Between the chambers in the heart there are
A. valves
B. boxes
C. walls
D. septa
E. vessels
5 The heart has chambers.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. six
E. eight
n. Where isn't the heart situated?
A. In the chest
B. In the left part of the thorax
C. In the right part of the thorax
D. Above the diaphragm
E. Between the lungs
~. What part doesn't belong to the heart?
A. Chamber
B. Atrium
C. Valve
D. Stomach
E. Ventricle
S. How many blood circulations are there in the human body?
A. 3
B.4
C. 5
D. 2
E. 6
3. What science studies the diseases of the heart and blood vessels?
A. Pathology
B. Biology
C. Cardiology
D. Genetics
E. Physiology
10. What valve is there between the left atrium and ventricle?
A. Tricuspid
B. Aortic
C. Venous
D. Mitral
E. Arterious
11. How do we call the valve between theright atrium and ventricle?
A. Tricuspid
B. Aortic
C. Mitral
D. Venous
E. Arterious
12. How many ventricles does the humanheart have?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 1E.No
13. The heart and blood vessels form the .
A. digestive system
B. nervous system
C. urinary system
D. cardiovascular systemC. endocrine system
14. Hypertension is the .
A. low BP
B. high BP
C. atonia
D. dystonia
E. lack of vitamins
15. A red blood cell is .
A. leukocyte
B. monocyte
C. phagocyte
D. erythrocyte
E. granulocyte
16. There are groups of blood.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
17. The largest arterial vessel is .
A. artery
B. vein
C. capillary
D. aorta
E. membrane
18. What medicine is used to prevent theformation of blood clots?
A. Anticoagulant
B. Digitalis
C. Nitroglycerine
D. Menthol
E. Sedative
19. Leukocytes are blood cells.
A. red
B. green
C. white
D. blue
E. yellow
20. The heart cycle is .
A. tachycardia and bradycardia
B. tachycardia and hypotension
C. systole and diastole
D. tachypnea and dyspnea
E. spasm and relaxation
21. What is the universal group of blood?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
22. How do we call the person who gives his blood to another person?
A. Recipient
B. Patient
C. Doctor
D. Visitor
E. Donor
23. What does hemopoiesis mean?
A. Formation of blood
B. Formation of cells
C. Formation of urine
D. Formation of energy
E. Formation of lymph
24. What is the synonym of thrombocytus!
A. Hemoglobin
B. Protein
C. Platelet
D. Blood clotting
E. Plasma
25. What doesn't belong to the organs of th;cardiovascular system?
A. Spleen
B. Heart
C. Pancreas
D. Liver
E. Blood vessels
26. What is the role of valves in the heart?
A. To pump the blood from the heart
B. To prevent flow of blood into \:.-.atrium
C. To promote contractions of the hear
D. To promote relaxation of the heart
E. To make beatings of the heart
27. The middle, the thickest layer of t':.-.cardiac wall is .
A. pericardium
B. endocardium
C. cardiac membrane
D. cardiac sack
E. myocardium
28. What is the other name of the lesser bk :.circulation?
A. Pulmonary
B. Cardiac
C. Gastric
D. Cervical
E. Thoracic
29. When the blood is given from one personto the other, it is .
A. presenting
B. injecting
C. suffering
D. transfusing
E. carrying
30. The science which studies the causes ofdiseases.
A. Etiology
B. Pathology
C. Psychology
D. Cardiology
E. Cytology
31. What does the blood receive in the lungs?
A. Vitamins
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Hemoglobin
D. Oxygen
E. Bacteria
32. What blood comes into the left heart?
A. Venous
B. Arterial
C. Oxygenated
D. Dark red
E. Scarlet
33. What is the normal blood pressure ofyoung people?
A. 130 over 90
B. 120 over 80
C. 150 over 100
D. 140 over 90
E. 200 over 110
34. What does the heart pump?
A. Plasma
B. Lymph
C. Urine
D. Water
E. Blood
35. What is the normal heartbeat in adults?
A. About 60-70 beats per minute
B. About 100 beats per minute
C. About 110 beats per minute
D. About 60-70 beats per hour
E. About 50 beats per minute
36. Where do we usually check the pulse?
A. Over the radial artery
B. Over the temporal bone
C. Over the knee
D. Over the elbow
E. Over the cardiac area
37. The blood of greater circulation returns tothe heart by means of .
A. arteries
B. veins
C. lungs
D. vessels
E. mechanisms
38. The person to whom the blood is given.
A. Doctor
B. Nurse
C. Obstetrician
D. Donor
E. Recipient
39. The pulmonary circulation begins with .
A. the left heart
B. the right ventricle
C. the right atrium
D. the left ventricle
E. the left atrium
40. The blood cell has no .
A. enzymes
B. leukocytes
C. platelets
D. erythrocytes
E. plasma
41. The function of the blood doesn't include
A. regulation of body temperature
B. transporting nutrients to cells
C. production of hormones
D. immunization against foreign particles
E. supplying oxygen to cells
42. The inflammation of veins is .
A. arthritis
B. chondritis
C. phlebitis
D. cystitis
E. carditis
43. The blood vessels which have the
lowest BP.
A. Arterioles
B. Venules
C. Capillaries
D. Arteries
E. Veins
44. When body temperature is 1 ° higher, thepulse rate is faster.
A. 2-3 beats
B. 4-6 beats
C. 7-8 beats
D. 1-2 beats
E. 8-10 beats
45. What does arterial pressure mean?
A. Pressure on the arterial walls
B. Pressure on the venous walls
C. Pressure on the capillary walls
D. Pressure on the vessel walls
E. Pressure on the walls of the heart
46. What symptom isn't characteristic ofcardiovascular diseases?
A.headache
B. heartache
C. sneezing
D. stomachache
E. cough
47. What information is given in thetemperature chart?
A. Pulse. t°, BP
B. Pulse. t°
C. t°, BP
D. Pulse, BP
E. Only t°
48. What is bradycardia?
A. Slower heart rate
B. Normal heart rate
C. Faster heart rate
D. Work of the heart during sleep
E. Work of the heart after exercises
49. What is tachycardia?
A. Slower heart rate
B. Normal heart rate
C. Faster heart rate
D. Work of the heart during sleep
E. Work of the heart after exercises
50. What does the term "arythmia" mean?
A. Slower heartbeat
B. Normal heartbeat
C. Faster heartbeat
D. Absence of heartbeat
E. Changes in heartbeat
il. Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Form adjectives using the suffix -able, translate them.
Consider, change, depend, vary, eat, question, work.
Exercise 2. Name and translate the verbs from which the following nouns are formed.
Operation, circulation, estimation, radiation, location, separation, graduation, dilation, regulation.
Exercise 3. Insert already or yet. Translate the following sentences.
1. Scientists have introduced this term. 2. Researchers have not found out the origin of this disease. 3. Physiologists have estimated the importance of this great discover}'. 4. They have not published the book on their discoveries.
Exercise 4. Put the verbs into the correct form. Translate the following sentences.
1. The nurse already (to take temperature). 2. The doctor not (to use) this method of treatment. 3. She not (to see) her parents since May. 4. The nurse just (to determine) the patient's blood group.
Exercise 5. Choose the right answer.
1. Did scientists find out the total weight of the blood?
Scientists find out the total weight of the blood.
Scientists found out the total weight of the blood.
Total weight of the blood was found out by the scientists.
2. Is the rate of heartbeat regulated by two groups of nerve fibers?
The rate of heartbeat will be regulated by two groups of nerve fibers.
Two groups of nerve fibers have regulated the rate of heartbeat.
The rate of heartbeat is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers.
Exercise 6. Read the following sentences. Translate them paying attention to the words in bold type.
Will you bring me your notes on anatomy?
The venous blood is brought to the right atrium of the heart.
The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO,.
The chemical formula of oxygen is О .
Oxygen is necessary for life.
To oxygenate means to enrich with oxygen.
The venous blood is oxygenated in the lungs.
The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg.
Exercise 7. Form present, past and perfect participles from the following verbs. Give all types of their translation:
to restore, to introduce, to establish, to connect, to receive, to carry.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences, state the functions of participles in them.
The arterial blood coming from the lung is rich in oxygen.
Examining the patient the doctor asked him about his complaints.
Having bandaged the patient's arm, the nurse helped him to dress.
Being operated on, he didn't feel any pain.
The question discussed was very important for him.
When sent to the hospital he recovered soon.