pineal

pituitary (hypophysis)

thyroid

parathyroid (posterior)

thymus

j / adrenals

*r Ї ,^**(suprarenalsj

Islets of Langcrhans (in pancreas)

testes

• What are the parts of the endocrine system?

• What is humoral regulation?

Exercise 9. Read and translate the names of different diseases caused by abnormal activity of the endocrine glands.

Goiter (зоб), the enlarged thyroid.

Hyperthyroidism (гіпертиреоз), produces exophthalmic goiter, it leads to loss of weight, nervousness, a rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyes, sweating.

Hyperthyroidism causes cretinism or myxedema because of failure of the thyroid gland.

Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia. It can lead to tetany (['tetani] - правець).

Addison's disease is caused by failure of the adrenal glands. It is characterized by weight loss, weakness, low blood pressure, brownish pigmentation of the skin, hypoglycemia.

Diabetes insipidus (нецукровий діабет) is characterized by the heavy discharge of urine (polyuria) and intense thirst (polydipsia).

Diabetes mellitus (цукровий діабет), deficiency of insulin prevents sugar from leaving the blood, so it is characterized by excess of sugar in the urine; hunger, thirst and quick loss of weight.

Hyperinsulinism is the excessive secretion of insulin from the pancreas. The patients may be convulsing and fainting.

Control Tests. Endocrine System. Cell. Physiological Functions of the Organism

1. What substances are produced by endocrineglands?

A. Enzymes

B. Hormones

C. Proteins

D. Vitamins

E. Glucose

2. How do we call the system of glands?

A. Lymphatic

B. CirculatoryC.Independent

D. Endocrine

E. Exocrine

3. What glands are not endocrine?

A. Hypophisis

B. Hypothalamus

C. Epiphysis

D. Thymus

E. Sweat

4. What is the English for щитовидна залоза!

A. Adrenal gland

B. Pituitary gland

C. Pineal gland

D. Thyroid gland

E. Pancreas

5. What glands are situated above thekidneys?

A. Sex

B. Parathyroid

C. Adrenal

D. Thyroid

E. Thymus

6. What does the endocrine system consist of?

A. Reproductive organs

B. Glands of internal secretion

C. Glands of external secretion

D. Glands of mixed secretion

E. All glands of the body

7. What gland is the regulating center of allglands?

A. Hypophysis

B. Hypothalamus

C. Thymus

D. Epiphysis

E. Encephalon

8. What disease belongs to diseases of theendocrine system?

A. Myocarditis

B. Cholecystitis

C. Bronchitis

D. Diabetes

E. Pneumonia

9. What medicine is used in the treatment ofdiabetes mellitus?

A. Glucose

B. Diasoline

C. Insulin

D. Analgin

E. Dimedrol

10. What hormones are produced by thefemale sex glands?

A. Corglycoids

B. Thyroidin

C. Estrogen

D. Testosterone

E. Adrenaline

11. What are the main functions ofhormones?

A. Excretion and metabolism

B. Development and growth

C. Growth, development and metabolism

D. Excretion and growth

E. Metabolism and immunity

12. Where is the thyroid gland situated?

A. Under the heart

B. In the front part of the neck

C. In the back part of the neck

D. In the left side of the chest

E. In the right side of the chest

13. What is another name of the epiphysis?

A. Pineal

B. Pituitary

C. Adrenal

D. Ovary

E. Testis

14. What part of the pancreas is endocrine?

A. Left

B. Right

C. Islets

D. Middle

E. Central

15. What is the English for наднирникиї

A. Epiphysis

B. Pituitary

C. Hypophysis

D. Adrenals

E. Parathyroids

16. stimulate the growth of the female sex

organs.

A. Androgens

B. Testosterone

C. Adrenaline

D. Sex hormones

E. Estrogens

17. The sex glands in males are .

A. Prostate

B. Ovary

C. Testes

D. All answers are right

E. All answers are wrong

18. The sensitive part of the penis is .

A. the middle part

B. the glans

C. the prepuce

D. All the penis

E. No right answer

19. Progesterone is produced in the .

A. uterus

B. ovary

C. placenta

D. corpus luteum

E. follicle

20. The inlarged thyroid is .

A. Addison's disease

B. myxedema

C. tetany

D. goiter

E. cretinism

21. What does the term polydipsia mean?

A. Intense hunger

B. Intense thirst

C. Loss of blood

D. Anemia

E. Intense secretion

22. The functions of all endocrine glands are interconnected and the glands make up

A. an organism

B. a single system

C. blood circulation

D. different things

E. control over the organism

23. The hormones are carried throughout theorganism with .

A. water

B. lymph

C. urine

D. gall

E. blood

24. The hypophysis is the chief of the

endocrine system.

A. gland

B. brain

C. cell

D. organE.receptor

25. The composition of some hormones is

well known and they are made synthetically.

A. simple

B. various

C. chemical

D. mechanical

E. physical

26. Without that substance our organismcannot be.

A. Alcohol

B. Nicotine

C. Water

D. Beer

E. Spirit

27. What isn't harmful to your health?

A. Cigarettes

B. Alcohol

C. Water

D. Nicotine

E. Spirit

28. We breath with .

A. water

B. nitrogen

C. oxygen

D. hydrogen

E. air

29. Physiology studies of the body.

A. the structure

B. the functions

C. the growth

D. the weight

E. the reproduction

30. The exchange of substances in the organismis called .

A. heat action

B. metabolism

C. water balance

D. immunity

E. nutrition

31. What does the term myoma mean?

A. Muscle tumor

B. Bone tumor

C. Skin tumor

D. Malignant tumor

E. Benign tumor

32. What does the term chondroma mean?

A. Tumor of the muscle

B. Tumor of the uterus

C. Tumor of the heart

D. Tumor of the cartilage

E. Tumor of the joint

33. What doesn't describe a kind of disease?

A. Chronic

B. Acute

C. Mortal

D. Infection

E. Good

34. This science studies body cells.

A. Pathology

B. Etiology

C. Biology

B. Physiology E. Cytology

35. The breakdown of nutrients or complexsubstances into simpler ones is called .

A. Metabolism

B. Botulism

C. Anabolism

D. Catabolism

E. Organism

36. is the building of body materials.

A. metabolism

B. botulism

C. anabolism

D. catabolism

E. organism

37. What is the structural unit of the livingmatter?

A. Cell

B. Tissue

C. Organ

D. System

E. Organism

38. What is there in the center of each cell?

A. Ribosome

B. Lysosome

C. Centriole

D. Cytoplasm

E. Nucleus

39. What does the term mitosis mean?

A. Cell activity

B. Cell division

C. Cell nutrition

D. Cell structure

E. Cell membrane

40. What do we call the scientist who studiesall about tissues?

A. Histoiogist

B. Epidemiologist

C. Bacteriologist

D. Cytologist

E. Embryologist

41. The study of the cause of any disease orthe theory of its origin is .

A. biology

B. pathology

C. etiology

D. microbiology

E. chemistry

42. Vitamin prevents scurvy.

A. A

B. В

c. c

D. D

E. E

43. Vitamin deficiency leads to infertility. 47. The excretes bile.

A. A A. stomach

B. В В. intestine

C. C C. kidney

D. D D. liver

E. E E. gland

44. Vitamin

A. A

B. В

C. C

D. D

E. Eprevents rickets.

48. The carries oxygen round the body.

A. lymph

B. urine

C. water

D. vessel

E. blood

45. What vitamin is soluble in water?

A. A

B. В

C. K

D. D

E. E

49. Where do we usually take our temperature?

A. In the oral cavity

B. In the armpit

C. In the anus

D. On the neck

E. In the groin

46. What is avitaminosis?

A. Deficiency of any vitamin

B. Increased quontity of vitamins

C. Normal quontity of vitamins

D. Presence of vitamins

E. Absence of vitamins

50. Where do we usually take our pulse?

A. On the wrist

B. On the neck

C. In the armpit

D. In the groin

E. Under the knee

II. Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Read and translate the words, pay attention to the suffixes and prefixes.

Acupuncture, compatible, harmful, merely, selection, to simplify, invaluable, effectiveness, intention, possibility, scientifically, numbness, decomposition, irregularity, consciousness, regeneration, deafness, reformation.

Exercise 2. What are the Ukrainian equivalents of the English proverbs?

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Blood is thicker than water.

3. Don't trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the verbs to treat, to discuss, to build in the correct form.

1. A dermatologist... skin diseases.

2. Skin diseases ... by a dermatologist.

3. We ... this problem yesterday.

4. New problem ... by them last year.

5. New hospitals ... in many cities next year.

6. They ... some new schools next five years.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences, pay attention to the sequence of tenses.

1. That patient believed that the doctor would suggest an operation. 2. The doctor said that he made the morning round every day. 3. We knew that he was ill. 4. He said that he could finish his work in time. 5. All the students knew that they had to revise for the examinations. 6. He showed me which exercises he had done.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences with modal verbs and verbs with modal meaning.

1. This doctor ought to be more attentive. 2. He needn't hurry. 3. All our students must work at the hospital. 4. They needn't do it. 5. We have to be ready to fulfill this task. 6. I think you should go out for a walk every evening. 7. What does he have to do next? 8. What has she got to do next? 9. We are to meet them there. 10. This woman has to stay at home with her sick baby. 11. He mustn't go out in the street. 12. We ought to help this nurse.

Exercise 6. Change the following sentences according to the model.

Model: If we changed the temperature, the reaction would change too. - If we had changed the temperature, the reaction would have changed too.

1. If this were the case, he might expect an unusual effect. 2. Unless some studies were available, the drug couldn't be applied. 3. Providing doctors prevented heart attacks, the patient would live longer. 4. If the nurses were given up-to-date apparatus, they would prevent many fatal cases. 5. If every effort of organ transplants could be made, patients might be able to survive.

Exercise 7. Translate the conditional sentences.

1. If additional studies had been carried on, they might have determined the precise role of protein. 2. Overweight people are in even greater danger if they go on and off their diets, losing and gaining weight. 3. If we read much, we will know much. 4. If you read many medical books, you would know much about new techniques. 5. If I had time, I would read all the articles of this professor.

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Якби в мене був час, я зробив би цю роботу вчора. 2. Якби ви читали багато, то й знали б багато. 3. Якщо ми будемо багато читати, то й знатимемо багато. 4. Якби йому не допомогали друзі, він не закінчив би роботу вчасно. 5. Якби вони були тут, ми обговорили б це питання.

III. Independent Work: Secretion

Exercise 1. Read the text; try to understand it without using a dictionary.

Secretion

Secretion is a process generally brought about by an organ called a gland. A gland whether simple or highly complex in structure may be looked upon as a tube, whose walls are composed of highly specialized epithelial cells, gland cells. The tube is closed at one end. In many glands the other end of the lumen opens up, either directly or by means of a special duct, onto a free surface, such as the skin, the interior of the mouth, the lumen of the intestine, etc. The materials produced by the gland are poured onto this free surface, for which reason the secretion of this type of gland is spoken as an external secretion. The gland is surrounded by a dense network of capillaries.

The distinct process may take place in a gland: the gland cell serves merely as a transfer agency, or it acts as a manufacturing plant or both. In the first instance, certain materials, water and NaCl are taken out of the blood stream by the gland cell, transferred through the cell, passed into the duct or lumen, and secreted on a free surface. All types of glands transfer water in this manner. Some glands, e.g. the sweat glands, practically limit their activity to this.

Other glands take certain materials out of the blood stream and chemically transform them into new compounds which together with water and salts are then poured into the duct.

The activity of a gland is normally accompanied by a great dilation of its blood vessels, without this increased flow of blood a gland cannot function for any appreciable length of time. Nevertheless in many instances its blood flow in itself is not the direct cause of secretion, for by administering certain drugs (e.g. atropine) it is possible to stop the secretion completely although the flow of blood continues. Secretion by the digestive glands is to be regarded as an active phenomenon, and not merely a passive filtration.

Exercise 2. Make up a short plan of the text. Retell the text according to your plan.

Exercise 3. Arrange the sentences in the right order (as in the text).