1. How do anesthetic drugs work?

2. Why do you think patients were held or strapped down before anesthetic drugs wereavailable?

3.What difference did anesthetic drugs make to the work of surgeons?

4. Which was safer to use - ether or chloroform?

5. Which was easier to use - ether or chloroform?

6. Do patients lose consciousness during regional anesthesia? 7.1s death resulting from anesthesia common?

Exercise 4. Find words or phrases in the text with these meanings.

1. Having a strong effect

2. Loses the power to feel

3. Disappear gradually

UNIT THIRTY-FIVE

I	Speaking	Male Reproductive System
II	Grammar	Compound Prepositions and Conjunctions (§114)
III	Independent Work	Major Medical Speciality Fields

I. Speaking: Male Reproductive System

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• name the male gonads;

• describe the composition and function of semen;

• draw and label a spermatozoon;

• name the main male sex hormones;

• list major disorders of the male reproductive tract.

Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and their equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
testicle [testikl]	testis/didym-	яєчко
epididymis	epididymis	надяєчко (прид. ясчка)
spermatic [sp3:'msetik] duct, vas deferens	ductus deferens spermatic	сім'явиносна протока
seminal vesicle	vesicula seminalis	сім'яний міхурець
prostate ['prosteit]	prostat-	простата
bulbourethral [,Ьл1Ьзіоз'гі:0п>1] gland	glandula bulbourethralis	цибулинно-сечівникова залоза
external male genital ['djenitl] organs	organa genitalia masculina externa	зовнішні чоловічі статеві органи
penis f'pimis]	penis/phall-	статевий член, пеніс
male urethra	urethra masculina	чоловічий сечівник
scrotum ['skrsotom]	scrotum	калитка, мошонка
spermatozoon [,sp3:m9t9u'z3U3n]	spermatozoon	сперматозоїд, живчик
semen	semen	сім'я
contraception	contraceptio	запобігання вагітності, контрацепція
tcstosteron		тестостерон
seminiferous [^semi'niferss] tubules		сім'явиносні канальці
glans penis	glans penis (capitulum)/ balan-	головка статевого члена

2. Read and translate the text.

Male Reproductive System

The reproductive apparatus of males is different from female concerning not only primary but also accessory organs.

The primary organs include the gonades, or sex glands which produce the germ cells and manufacture hormones. The male gonads are testes. They are located outside the body between the thighs in a sac called the scrotum. In the testes there are seminiferous tubules in whose wall cells produce spermatozoa. Between the tubules there are interstitial [inta'stijlal] cells that secrete the male sex hormone testosterone.

Testosterone has two functions:

• the maintenance of the reproductive structures, including development of spermatozoa;

• the development of secondary sex characteristics (accessory).

In the scrotum there is also a greatly coiled tube (6 meters long) called the epididymis. While spermatozoa are temporarily stored in the epididymis, they mature and become motile (рухливі), that is, able to move by themselves.

The epididymis enters the vas deferens. This duct continues through the abdominal cavity

neck

and then curves behind the urinary bladder. There each was deferens j oins with the duct of the seminal vesicle and forms the ejaculatory duct. The two ejaculatory ducts enter the body of the prostate gland. Ducts from the prostate carry its secretion into the urethra. The urethra passes outside the body through the penis (phallus). It is composed of erective tissue and a soft sensitive part called the glans penis.

Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 27-1 and describe the male reproductive system.

middle piece 4

Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 27-2 and describe the human spermatozoon.

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

Вторинні чоловічі статеві ознаки - це грубший голос, ширший плечовий пояс, вужчий таз, більше волосяного покриву на тілі, ніж у жінок.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the following clinical terms.

1. Infertility is characterized by the decreased ability to reproduse.

2. Sterility is complete inability to reproduce.

3. Cryptorchidism [krip'toikidizm] is the fai­lure of testes to descend into the scrotum.

4. Inguinal hernia ['ingwinal'rBmis] is the rupture of the abdominal wall at the inguinal canal.

5. Infections of the male reproductive organs include gonorrea, syphilis, and genital herpes.

6. Cancer of the prostate is a common disease in men over 50.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions.

1. What belongs to the organs of the male reproductive system?

2. What are primary and accessory features of the male reproductive system?

3. What disorders in men do you know?

4. What is the main male sex hormone?

5. What are its functions?

6. What is spermatozoon?