Skeleton

The skeleton is the framework of the body. The skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the internal organs from injury.

There are more than two hundred bones of different sizes and shapes in the skeleton.

The skeleton may be divided into* three main groups of bones: the bones of the head, trunk and extremities. The bones are connected together by joints, cartilages and ligaments. The joints allow the bones to move. Ligaments connect one bone to another. Tendors attach bones to muscles. Muscles contract and move skeleton parts.

The head bones are called the skull. The skull consists of many cranial bones. The upper part of the trunk is formed by the ribs and breastbone in front and the vertebrae in the spine. The lower part is the pelvis.

The bones of the trunk are connected with the upper extremities by the clavicles and scapulas.

The upper extremity consists of the humerus, the radius with the ulna and the hand bones. The lower extremity has the femur, the tibia with the fibula and the foot bones. We do all kinds of work with our upper extremities. And we can walk, run and jump with our lower extremities.

Exercise 9. What words are denned below?

1. The framework of bones.

2. The human body apart from the head and extremities.

3. The upper part of the trunk.

4. The lower part of the trunk.

5. The part of the head which contains the brain.

6. The upper extremities.

7. The lower extremities.

8. The end of the arm.

9. The part of the leg on which we walk.

10. The part of the upper extremity from the shoulder to the hand.Exercise 10. Ask questions on the text "Skeleton" and retell the text.Exercise 11. Communicative situation.

Try to explain to your younger brother how we can move, make things, do different types of work, run, jump, walk.

Grammar Exercises II. Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Make up questions and answer them. Work in pairs.

(he) Does he often play volleyball? Yes, he's a very good player.

(you) Excuse me, ... English? Yes, a little.

(you) What ...? I'm a secretary.

(your sister) What..? She works in a shop.

(she) Yes, 20 cigarettes a day.

(it) How often ... in summer? Not often. It's usually dry.

(you) ... dancing? Yes, 1 love it.

(they) What time ... usually ... to bed? 10 o'clock.

(you) What... usually ... for breakfast? Toast and coffee.

(it) How much ... to stay at this hotel? $30 a night.

Exercise 2. You are asking somebody questions. Write questions with Do/Does ...?

1. I work hard.

And you? Do you work hard?

2. I play tennis.

And you? ... you ?

3. We play tennis.

And Ann? ... Ann ?

4. I know the answer.

And you? the answer?

5. 1 like hot weather.

And you? ?

6. I smoke.

And your father? ?

7. I do exercises every morning.

And you? ?

8. I speak English.

And your friends? ?

9. I want to be famous.

And you? ?

Exercise 3. Use the verbs in the list to make sentences about your friend.

Cost, do, do, go, have, like, rain, smoke, speak.

Exercise 4. Write positive or negative short answers (Yes, he does/No, I don V, etc.).

1. Do you smoke? No, I don't.

2. Do you live in a big city?

3. Do you drink a lot of coffee?

4. Does your mother speak English?

5. Do you play a musical instrument?

6. Does it rain a lot where you live?

Exercise 5. Form adverbs with the help of the suffix -ly, use the following words, translate them.

Model: usual - usually (звичайний - звичайно)

Late, day, cold, week, warm, bad, clear, love, pure, correct, probable, exact, high, useful, wide, helpful.

Exercise 6. The verb to look with different prepositions has different meanings. Pay attention to them translating the sentences. Learn these meanings:

to look - дивитися, глянути

to have a look - поглянути

to look for - шукати

to look into - заглядати; досліджувати

to look at - дивитись на

to look after - доглядати (за)

to look ill (tired) - виглядати хворим (втомленим)

to look like - бути схожим

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences (see § 24).

1. One must look after one's health. 2. The patient looks tired. One has to look into the problem. 3. Does he look like his brother? 4. Why does she look ill? 5. Look at the table on page 17. 5. The former looks like the mother and the latter like the father. 6. The dog looked at the bone. It likes bones very much.

Exercise 8. Ask questions for the underlined words.

1. The nurse knows anatomy.

2. We speak about our patients.

3. A good nurse takes care of patients carefully.

4. The doctor examines bed patients.

5. Bed patients need special care.