Exercise 2. Make up a dialog: you are a traumatologist and you receive a patient with severe pain in his knee.

1. Ask him: a) his name, age; information about his family, etc.;

b) what's happened; what troubles him; when he fell ill.

2. Comment your examination of the patient; some instructions to him (to place his extremity, to move his joints, to bend and to unbend); your information to your patient; your prescriptions and advice.

3. Explain the action of drugs that you prescribed for the patient (use information of the text).

UNIT EIGHT

I	Speaking	Musculoskeletal System
II	Grammar	Subjective Infinitive Complex (§98)
III	Independent Work	Muscle Tissues

I. Speaking: Musculoskeletal System

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• name the main functions of the muscular system;

• differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles;

• describe the structure of skeletal muscles;

• explain the attachments of muscles to bones;

• show the blood supply of the muscles;

• name groups of muscles;

• list major muscular disorders.

Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
motor apparatus	apparatus motoris	руховий апарат
myology	myologia	міологія, вчення про м'язи
muscle ['ma:sl]	museums/my (o)-	м'яз
tendon ['tendon]	tendon	сухожилок
fascia [Tasfb]	fascia	фасція
cutaneous muscles	musculi cutanei	м'язи шкіри
muscles of the head	musculi capitis	м'язи голови
muscles of the neck	musculi colli	м'язи шиї
muscles of the back	musculi dorsi	м'язи спини
thoracic muscles	musculi thoracis	м'язи трудної клітки
abdominal muscles	musculi abdominis	м'язи живота
muscles of the upper limb	musculi membri superioris	м'язи верхньої кінцівки
muscles of the lower limb	musculi membri inferioris	м'язи нижньої кінцівки
fiber [Taibo]	fibra	волокно
spasm ['spc£zm]	spasmus	спазм,судома
atrophy ['astrsfi]	atrophia	атрофія
dystrophy ['distrofl]	dystrophia	дистрофія
myasthenia	myasthenia	міастенія
myalgia	myalgia	міалгія
tendinitis	tendinitis	тендиніт
natfoot		плоскостопість

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

Musculoskeletal System

Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus; their contractions produce various movements. Functionally all muscles are divided into voluntary and involuntary muscles.

Voluntary muscles consist of striated muscle tissue and contract by the will of man. This group includes all muscles of the head, trunk and extremities, i.e. the skeletal muscles, as well as those of some internal organs (tongue, larynx, etc.).

Involuntary muscles consist of smooth muscle tissue and are found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels and in the skin. The contractions of these muscles are not controlled by man.

It should be remembered that the heart muscle, although its contractions are not controlled by the will, consists of striated muscle tissue with a special structure.

The human body contains more than 650 individual muscles anchored to the skeleton, which provide pulling power so that you can move around. These muscles constitute about 40 % of our total body weight.

Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. They consist of muscle fibers of different length і up to 12 cm); the fibers are usually parallel to each other and are united in bundles. Each length

muscle is composed of many such bundles. There are tendons at the ends of muscle by mean? of which they are attached to bones.

The muscles points of attachment to bones or other muscles are designated as origin or insertion. The point of origin is point of attachment to the bone to which the muscle is anchored The point of insertion is the point of attachment to the bone the muscle moves. Generally, the muscles are attached by tough fibrous structures called tendons. These attachments bridge one or more joints and the result of muscle contraction is movement of these joints. The body is moved primarily by muscle groups, not by individual muscles. These groups of muscles power all actions ranging from the threading of a needle to the lifting of heavy weights.

Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 8-1. Explain how the muscle is attached to the bones.

Exercise 4. Make a plan of the text, use sentences from it.

Exercise 5. Find English equivalents of the following sentences:

1. Функціонально всі м'язи поділяються на вольові та мимовільні.

2. Мимовільні м'язи складаються із гладенької м'язової тканини.

3. У людському тілі більше ніж 650 самостійних скелетних м'язів, що складають близько 40 % усієї ваги тіла.

4. На кінцях м'язів знаходяться сухожилля, за допомогою яких м'язи прикріплені до кісток.

5. Нерви з'єднують м'язи і центральну нервову систему.

Exercise 6. Differentiate voluntary and involuntary muscles. Where are they found?

Exercise 7. Describe the skeletal muscles:

1. their form;

2. structure;

3. blood supply;

4. groups of muscles.

radius

ulna

Exercise 8. Look at Fig. 8-2, 3 and read the names of all the muscles of the human body (front and back).

inscrtior

Exercise 9. Read the text, translate and title it.

Spasm is a sudden and involuntary muscular contraction. It is always painful. The example of spasm is bellyache or colic. Atrophy may occur in a wasting or decrease in the size of a muscle. Strains and sprains are

typical injures that often affect muscles. Muscular dystrophy is a hereditary disorder. Myalgia means 'muscular pain'. Myositis is a term that indicates actual inflammation of muscle tissue. Fibrositis means "inflammation of connective tissue". Tendinitis is an inflammation of muscle tendons and their attachments occurs most often in athletes.

Flaffoot is a common disorder in which the arch of the foot (підйом ступні), the normally raised portion of the sole, breaks down so that the entire sole rests on the ground. Wearing properly fitted shoes and walking with the toes pointed straight forward may help to prevent flatfoot and other painful foot disorders.

Exercise 10. Make a list of muscular disorders.

Control Tests. Musculoskeletal System

1. What are the functions of the musculoskeletalsystem?

A. Moving

B. Transporting

C. Building

D. Moving and supporting

E. Supporting

2. What is the skeleton?

A. The framework of bones

B. The composition of bones

C. The box of bones

D. The building of bones

E. Lazy bones

studies bones and their

3. What science diseases?

A. Myology

B. Osteology

C. Cytology

D. Histology

E. Neurology

4. What science studies muscles and theirdiseases?

A. Osteology

B. Gynecology

C. Therapy

D. Myology

E. Cardiology

5. The human skeleton consists of parts.

A. 1

B. 5

C. 4

D. 2

E. 3

6. The bones of the skull are .

A. built closely

B. movable

C. ssolated

D. immovable

E. simple

7. The skull has bones.

A. 26

B. 20

C. 40

D. 16

E. 21

8. The skull consists of .

A. facial part

B. facial and cranial parts

C. cranial part

D. the head

E. all answers are wrong

9. What is the function of cartilages?

A. Connective

B. Supportive

C. Transporting

D. Protective

E. Osteopoiesis

10. What for are there joints between thebones?

A. To connect bones together

B. To connect bones and let them to move

C. To move bones

D. To protect bones from injury

E. To prevent injuries

11. There are many in the spine.

A. ligaments

B. bones

C. cartilages

D. joints

E. vertebrae

12. The and form the chest.

A. ribs and breastbone

B. trunk and limbs

C. scapula and clavicula

D. maxilla and mandibula

E. upper and lower limbs

13. The only movable bone in the skull is thelower jaw. What for?

A. To open the mouth and chew

B. To smile

C. To breathe

D. To open bottles

E. To speak english

14. Arthritis is .

A. lack of calcium

B. inflammation of a joint

C. bone abscess

D. hypovitaminosis

E. dead bone tissue

15. What bone is absent in the upper limb?

A. Humerus

B. Femur

C. Ulna

D. Radilus

E. Phalanges

16. W^rhat bone can't we see in the leg?

A. Femur

B. Tibia

C. Fibula

D. Knee cap

E. Ulna

17. What vertebrae can't we name?

A. Cervical

B. Coccygeal

C. Thoracic

D. External

E. Lumbar

18. The joints allow the bones .

A. to make noise

B. to move

C. to work together

D. to step

E. to dance

19. A break of bones is .

A. fracture

B. rupture

C. suture

D. mixture

E. tincture

20. The science dealing with the effect ofdrugs on living organisms is .

A. pathology

B. pharmacology

C. phytotherapy

D. biology

E. chemistry

21. Novocaine is the medicine for relieving

A. headache

B. heartache

C. local pain

D. toothache

E. earache

22. Pain in joints is .

A. arthralgia

B. arthroporosis

C. arthropoiesis

D. arthrogenesis

E. arthrotomia

23. What does the term "scoliosis" mean?

A. Breastbone curvature

B. Spinal curvature

C. Bone curvature

D. Rib curvature

E. Joint curvature

24. What is the structural unit of bones?

A. Ganglion

B. Osteon

C. Nephron

D. Neuron

E. Acinus

25. How many bones are there in the humanbody?

A. 216

B. 156

C. 168

D. 249

E. 170

26. How many pairs of ribs are there?

A. 6

B. 7

C. 10

D. 12

E. 3

27. The largest muscle of the spine is .

A. naiTow

B. wide

C. latissimus

D. widest

E. latior

28. What main groups of muscles do youknow?

A. Flexor and extensor

B. The head, trunk and extremities

C. Voluntary and involuntary

D. Anterior and posterior

E. Front and back

29. What is diaphragm?

A. The largest respiratory muscle

B. The longest respiratory muscle

C. The narrowest respiratory muscle

D. The type of respiration

E. The septum between cavities

30. What is the definition of the term"myositis"?

A. Inflammation of muscles

B. Rupture of muscles

C. Lack of power of muscles

D. The tumor of muscles

E. Smooth muscle

31. What parts does the trunk consist of?

A. The spine

B. The vertebral column

C. The chest, spine and pelvis

D. The chest and pelvis

E. A great number of vertebrae

32. What part contains the brain?

A. Belly

B. Chest

C. Abdomen

D. Cranium

E. Trunk

33. What must we do in case of dislocation?

A. Apply mustard plasters

B. Apply splints

C. Set a bone

D. Choose a diet

E. Jump upstairs

34. Inflammation of bones and joints is .

A. synarthrosis

B. arthritis

C. osteoarthritis

D. arthralgia

E. osteoporosis

35. What is the medical meaning of themusculus gluteus maximus?

A. To apply cups

B. To apply mustard plasters

C. To give medicines

D. To make injections

E. To sit still

36. What medicinal form is most usually usedto relieve local pain in muscles?

A. Dragee

B. Tincture

C. Tablet

D. Powder

E. Ointment

37. What muscles don*t belong to the head?

A. Chewer muscle

B. Skull muscle

C. Superior oblique muscle of the head

D. Musculus spinalis capitis

E. Sternal muscle

38. First aid in fracture of the limb is .

A. to put plaster casts

B. to use splints for broken limb

C. to let the person move

D.to put bandage on the place of fracture

E. to press on the place of pain

39. What kinds of fractures do you know?

A. Open and closed

B. High and low

C. Oval and round

D. Painful and painless

E. Big and small

40. What method is used to determinefractures?

A. Operation

B. X-rays

C. Bronchoscopy

D. Narcosis

E. Palpation

41. What does the term "sprain" mean?

A. Перелом

B. Вивих

C. Забій

D. Розтягнення

E. Контузія

42. What is the English for the term "розрив"?

A. Fracture

B. Break

C. Wound

D. Injury

E. Trauma

43. What term is used to name the endings ofthe tubular bone?

A. Hypophysis

B. Diaphysis

C. Epiphysis

D. Epiphysitis

E. Epicrisis

44. What bone has the shape of a plate?

A. Flat bone

B. Knee cap

C. Tarsal bone

D. Heel bone

E. Os breve

45. The hospital department where patientswith injuries are treated is called .

A. Surgical department

B. Maternity department

C. Traumatology department

D. Neurology department

E. Dermatology department

46. What must you do immediately in case ofopen fracture?

A. Stop the bleeding

B. Put a wet cloth on the wound

C. Apply a splint on the broken limb

D. Use X-rays to see the break

E. Make the dressing secure

47. In case of injury of the spine you mustn't

A. speak with the patient

B. render first aid

C. relive the patient's pain

D. wash the patient's face

E. move the patient

48. What term doesn't mean "ушкодження"?

A. Sleep

B. Bruise

C. Wound

D. Break

E. Fracture

49. The longest bone of the chest is .

A. Femur

B. Sternum

C. Tibia

D. Humerus

E. Ulna

50. The science which studies the structure ofthe human body is .

A. Myology

B. Osteology

C. Anatomy

D. Histology

E. Biology