I. Speaking: Endocrine System

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

- compare the effects of the nervous system and the endocrine system in controlling the organism;

• describe the functions of hormones;

• list the endocrine glands;

- list the hormones produced by each endocrine gland and describe the effects of each on the body;

• explain the role of hypothalamus;

  Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and their equivalents.

  English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
  gland ['glaend]	glandula/aden	залоза
  endocrine ['endookrain]	endocrinus	ендокринний
  pituitary [pi'tjuutri] gland (hypophysis)	hypophysis (glandula pituitaria)	гіпофіз (мозковий придаток)
  pineal ['pinisl] gland	glandula pinealis	шишкоподібна залоза

• tell about hormones and treatment.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
thyroid ['GairDid] gland	glandula thyroidea	щитоподібна залоза
parathyroid glands	glandulae parathyroideae	прищитовидні залози
superior [sju'pisris]	superioris	верхній
inferior [in пзгіз]	inferioris	нижній
thymus ['Gaimss] gland	thymus	загрудинна залоза
pancreas	pancreas	підшлункова залоза
adrenal [eed'rhnsl]	glandula adrenalis	надниркова залоза
gonads ['gsunaedz]		статеві залози
ovary ['aovari]	ovarium/oophor-	яєчник
testis ['testis]	testis/orchi-, didym-	яєчко
prostate ['prosteit]	prostata	передміхурова залоза
mammary gland	glandula mammaria/mast-	молочна залоза
mucous [mjukas]	glandulae mucosae	слизовий
salivary ['saslivsri]	glandulae salivariae	слинний
lacrimal ['laskrimsl]	glandulae lacrimales	слізний
sweat	sudorum/hidr-	піт
hormone ['ho:maun]	hormonum	гормон

Exercise 2. Learn the names of the pituitary hormones.

• Somatotropin [^saomatau'traupin], or growth hormone (GH) - соматотропін, гормон росту;

• thyrotropin [,9airau traopin], or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - тиреотропін, стимулює вироблення гормонів щитовидної залози;

• adrenocorticotropic [a3,dri:nau,ko:tikau4iT>pik] hormone (АСТН) — адренокортико-тропін, стимулює кіркову частину надниркових залоз;

• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - фолітропін, стимулює розвиток яйцеклітини у яєчниках і сперматозоїдів у яєчках;

• luteinizing ['lu:fii naizirj] hormone (LH) - лютеїнізувальний гормон, спричинює овуляцію у жінок і виділення статевих гормонів у жінок і чоловіків;

• antidiuretic [, sent і, daij и' reti k] hormone (ADH) - антидіуретичний гормон, допомогає відділенню і виділенню води з нирок;

• oxytocin [nksi'taosin] - окситоцин, спричинює скорочення м'язів матки і виділення молока з молочних залоз.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following information, title it.

The nervous system and the endocrine system are two main controlling and coordinating systems of the body.

The nervous system controls muscle movement and intestinal activity by means of electric and chemical stimuli. So, it controls rapid activities.

The effects of the endocrine system occur more slowly and over a long period of time. The endocrine glands produce chemical messengers, hormones, which have widespread effects.

These two systems are closely connected, because the activity of the pituitary gland is controlled by the nervous system.

Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 24-1 and name all the endocrine glands of males and females.

Exercise 5. Read the text.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands, or glands of internal secretion, are glands without excretory ducts. They produce special substances called hormones, which are secreted directly into the blood. The hormones are carried throughout the organism with the blood and delivered to various organs whose activity they either stimulate or depress.

Hormones play a very important part in the organism. Many of them affect metabolism and the functioning of the cardiovascular, reproductive, and other systems. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied by changes throughout the organism. These changes may be due to an increase in the function of a gland (hyperfunction) or a decrease (hypofunction).

The chemical composition of some hormones is well known. Various hormonal preparations are made synthetically or from the corresponding glands of animals (endocrine preparations). They are widely used in medicine. It should be noted that hormones are substances with very high biological activity.

The endocrine glands include the hypophysis (or pituitary), the epiphysis cerebri (or pineal), the thyroid, the parathyroids, the thymus, the islet part of the pancreas, the adrenals and the incretory part of the sex glands. Each gland consists of glandular epithelial tissue and has an extensive network of blood vessels and large number of nerve fibers (from the vegetative nervous system).

The functions of all endocrine glands are interconnected, and the glands make up a single system. The hypophysis is the chief gland of this system: it produces special substances which stimulate the activities of the other endocrine glands.

The influence of various substances (mainly hormones) acting on the organism through the blood is called humoral regulation.

The activities of endocrine glands are regulated by the nervous system. The nervous system exercises direct control over the endocrine glands through the nervous and neurohumoral control, particularly through the hypophysis. The hormones in their turn affect the functions of different parts of the nervous system.

Exercise 6. Make up a plan of the text and retell it.

Exercise 7. Complete and translate the sentences.

- Гормони переносяться по організму кров'ю ...

- Порушення в роботі залоз внутрішньої секреції супроводжується змінами у всьому організмі ...

• Різні гормональні препарати виготовляються синтетично ...

• Функції всіх ендокринних залоз взаємозв'язані...

• Робота залоз внутрішньої секреції регулюється нервовою системою .

Exercise 8. Answer the questions.

• Where are hormones secreted?

• What is the role of hormones?

• How are hormones made?