I. Speaking: Joints

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• describe three types of joints;

• describe the structure of a synovial joint and list the types of synovial joints;

• define six types of synovial joints movements;

• describe disorders of joints (four types of arthritis).

Exercise 1. Learn the following words.

amphiarthrosis [,asmfia:'9rausis] напіврухомий суглоб; амфіартроз arthritis [a:'9raitis] артрит

diarthrosis [,daia:'9reusis] (справжній) суглоб; діартроз

synarthrosis [,sina:'9r9usis] синартроз

synovial [sai'nsuvisl] синовіальний

articulation [a:,tikju'leijn] суглоб

cartilaginous [kaiti'bdjinss] хрящовий

bursa ['b3:sa] сумка

bursitis [b3:'saitis] бурсит (запалення синовіальної сумки) ellipsoid [i'lipsoid] еліпсоїд hinge [Ьіпаз] завіса; шарнір trochoid ['trsukoid] трохоїдний

condyloid ['knndi.bid] виростковий (bicondylar) saddle ['sa;dl] сідловидний, сідлоподібний spheroidal [sfiaraidsl] кулястий (суглоб) flexion ['flekfn] згинання extension [iks'tenfn] розгинання abduction [Eeb'dAkJh] відведення, абдукція adduction [е'сІлкГп] приведення, аддукція sprains [sprein] розтягнення зв'язок dislocation [_rdislo'keiJh] вивих gout [gaot] подагра angle ['aerjgl] кут

Exercise 2. Read the text and try to understand it without a dictionary (your vocabulary will help you).

Joints

An articulation, or a joint unites two or more bones together. Joints are divided into three main groups according to the material between the bones. Also they are classified according to the degree of movement permitted:

• fibrous joints are found in the skull, they connect the bones of the skull, they are immovable and called synarthrosis,

• cartilaginous joints are found between the pubic bones of the pelvis, between the vertebrae; they connect the bones by cartilages, they are slightly movable and are called amphiarthrosis;

- synovial joints are placed between the bones, where there is a space betv/een them, called the joint cavity; the cavity is filled with a synovial fluid and the joints can freely move. These joints are called diarthrosis (Table 7-1).

Table 7-І. Types of Joints

Name	Movement	Material Between the Bones	Examples
Fibrous	Immovable (Synarthrosis)	No joint cavity; usually fibrous connective tissue between bones	Sutures between bones of skull
Cartilaginous	Slightly movable (Amphiarthrosis)	No joint cavity; usually cartilaginous connective tissue between bones	Pubic symphysis; joints between bodies of vertebrae
Synovial	Freely movable (Diarthrosis)	Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid	Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket joints

Most joints are synovial. The bones connected by these joints are held together by ligaments. Near some joints there are small sacks called bursae, which are also filled with synovial fluid. Inflammation of a bursa is called bursitis.

Synovial joints may be classified according to the types of movement: spheroidal, trochoid, ellipsoid, bicondylar, hinge and sellar.

The chief function of the freely movable joints is to allow for changes of position and so provide for motion. Here are some examples of movement that changes the angles between bones; for example, flexion is bending the fingers to close the hand, extension is straightening the fingers to open the hand, abduction is moving the arms straight out to the sides, adduction is bringing the arms back to their original position beside the body. There are some other movements of bones: to turn the head, to turn the palm down or backward, to turn the sole inward or outward, etc.

Joints are subject to certain disorders of mechanical nature: dislocations and sprains. But the most common joint disease is arthritis or inflammation of the joints. There are different kinds of arthritis:

-osteoarthritis, which occurs mostly in joints of the hips, knees, and spinal column; degenerative changes include the formation of spurs, thickening of the synovial membrane, atrophy of the cartilage, and calcification of the ligaments;

-rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by swelling of joints of the hands, feet and other parts of the body;

-infectious arthritis can be brought on by such infection as rheumatic fever and gonorrhea;

-gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a disturbance of metabolism. Any joint can be involved, but the one most commonly affected is the big toe.

Exercise 3. a) Give definitions of the terms:

• synarthrosis;

• diarthrosis;

• amphiarthrosis.

b) List three types of joints.

Exercise 4. Give English equivalents of the Latin words.

Articulatio, ligamentum, cartilago, dislocatio, arthritis, articulationes synoviales. articulatio ellipsoidea. articulatio sellaris. bursa, bursitis. (Find them in the text.)

Exercise 5. Look at Table 7-1. Make up a dialog with your fellow student about types of joints, their movement, material between the bones and examples where such joints are found.

Exercise 6. Differentiate between the terms in each of the following pairs:

• flexion and extension;

• abduction and adduction.

Exercise 7. Speak about joint disorders according to the plan.

1. Disclocations and sprains.

2. Arthritis:

• osteoarthritis;

• rheumatoid arthritis;

• infectious arthritis;

• gout.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

1. How are joints classified?

2. What is the main function of joints?

3. What types of synovial joints do you know? Can you give examples of each?

4. What kinds of movement can you name?

5. Will you describe such joint disorders as osteoarthritis? rheumatoid arthritis? infectious arthritis? gout?