1) Dura mater is the upper layer, the outmost of the three membranes, which surrounds the spinal cord and is the toughest and most fibrous substance.

2) Arachnoid membrane is the middle part, which lies between the dura and pia maters.

3) Pia mater is the vascular membrane, thin and delicate, imme­diately enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

4) Pons is a piece of connecting

tissue, the bridge of white matter at

the base of the brain, containing neural connections between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

5) Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, composed of the left and right hemispheresand diencephalon.

6. Gyri (pi.) are the raised areas of the cerebral cortex.

7. Sulci (pi.) are shallow grooves, convolutions of the cerebral cortex.

8. Cerebral cortex is the very thin outer layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

9. Cerebrospinal fluid is fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord (CSF). It protects the brain from shock.

Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 21-1 and describe the brain. Here is a plan for you to speak about the brain.

A. 1. Meninges - coverings of the brain and spinal cord:

1. dura mater;

2. arachnoid membrane;

3. pia mater.

2. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

B. Divisions of the brain.

1. Cerebrum - the largest part of the brain (right and left hemispheres):

1. lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula;

2. cortex - outer layer of gray matter.

2. Diencephalon: area between hemispheres and brain stem.

3. Thalamus - directs sensory impulses to cortex.

4. Hypothalamus - maintains homeostasis, controls pituitary ([pi'tju.itari] - гіпофіз).

5. Limbic system.

1. contains parts of cerebrum and diencephalon;

2. controls emotion and behavior.

6. Brain stem:

1. midbrain - involved in eye and ear reflexes;

2. pons - connecting link for other divisions;

1. medulla oblongata - connects with spinal cord; contains vital centers for respiration, heart rate, vasomotor activity.

7. Cerebellum - regulates coordination, balance, muscle tone.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

Cranial Nerves

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. They can be divided into four categories according to their functions:

1. Special sensory impulses, such as those for smell, taste, vision, and hearing.

2. General sensory impulses, such as those for pain, touch, temperature, deep musclesense, pressure, and vibration.

3. Somatic motor impulses, resulting in voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

4. Visceral motor impulses producing involuntary control of glands and muscles of theheart and smooth muscles.

The cranial nerves are numbered according to their connection with the brain, beginning at the front and proceeding back (Fig. 21-3).

Exercise 5. Look at Fig. 21-2. Name all the activities regulated by the left and right hemispheres.

Exercise 6. Learn the names of all cranial nerves and the parts of their control.

No	Cranial nerves	Areas of the body controlled by these nerves
I	The olfactory [d1 'faektari] nerve (нюховий)	Carries smell impulses from receptors in the nasal mucosa to the brain
II	The optic n. (зоровий)	Carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain
III	The oculomotor [nkjobu'msuta] n. (окоруховий)	Is concerned with the contraction of most of the eye muscles
IV	The trochear ['trokis] n. (блоковий)	Supplies one eyeball muscle
V	The trigeminal [trai'djeminsl] n. (трійчастий)	Is the great sensory nerve of the head, it has three branches that carry general sense impulses (pain, touch, temperature). The third branch is joined by motor fibers to the muscles of mastication (chewing) (жування)
VI	The abducent [aeb'dju:s3nt] n. (відвідний)	Is also sending impulses to the eyeball muscle
VII	The facial n. (лицьовий)	Supplies the muscles of facial expression, it contains: sensory fibers for taste (on the tongue); secretory fibers to the smaller salivary glands and to the lacrimal (слізна) gland
VIII	The vestibulocochlear [ve.stibob'krjklis] n. (присінково-завитковий)	Contains special sensory fibers for hearing and for balance. Another name is auditory ['o:ditsri] or acoustic [a'ku'.stik] nerve (слуховий/акустичний)

No	Cranial nerves	Areas of the body controlled by these nerves !
IX	The glossopharyngeal [,glDS90,fa?rin'd3i:3l] n. (язико-глотковин)	Contains general sensory fibers from the back of the tongue and the throat; and motor fibers to control the swallowing (ковтання) muscles in the pharynx
X	The vagus f'veigos] n. (блукаючий)	Is the longest cranial nerve. It supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It contains motor ! fibres to the voice box, larynx, pharynx, and to glands j that produce digestive juices and other secretions
XI	The accessory [a^k'sesori] n. (додатковий)	Formely called the spinal accessory nerve, it has two branches. One branch controls two muscles of the neck, the other supplies muscles of the larynx
XII	The hypoglossal [.haips'gbssl] n. (під'язиковий)	Carries impulses controlling the muscles of the tongue