II. Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in the correct form. Translate the sentences.

1. Last year we (to study) inorganic chemistry and biology. 2. They (to graduate) from the institute in five years. 3. Students (to learn) theoretical subjects with great interest. 4. At the end of the second year they (to have) practice at the hospital where they got acquainted with the work of nurses. 5. I usually (to prepare) my homework in the reading hall of the library. 6. We (to take) our examination in the foreign language during the summer session.

Exercise 2. Translate the following words with the suffixes -ment, -ship using the dictionary.

Friendship, development, leadership, assessment, partnership, movement, requirement, relationship, authorship, management, championship, measurement.

Exercise 3. Translate and form degrees of comparison of the adverbs.

1. Близько, рано, пізно, мало, скоро, повільно.

2. Добре, погано, рідко, гарно, зручно.

Exercise 4. Name the adjectives or adverbs in the positive degree.

Earliest, worse, most, best, largest, shorter, busier, less, better, least, nicer, longest, hottest, later, worst, quicker, slowest.

Exercise 5. Put the words in brackets in the correct degree of comparison.

1. Petrov is the (good) student in the group. 2. The (long) examination session is in summer. 3. The street our college is situated in is (beautiful) in our town. 4. My friend got a (high) mark in anatomy examination than me. 5. Our first-year students study (bad) than senior students. 6. Pharmacognosy is as (difficult) as botany. 7. Microbiology is not so (easy) as you say. 8. It is necessary to work (much) to become a good nurse.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Еоворіть, будь ласка, голосніше, я вас погано чую. 2. Ти написав контрольну гірше за всіх. 3. Вона зможе краще вчитися, якщо більше часу приділятиме практиці. 4. Завтра ми встанемо раніше, щоб прийти до зубного лікаря вчасно. 5. Мене запитали, яка професія мені подобається найбільшу і чому. 6. Львів такий же великий, як і Одеса? 7. Сьогодні погода така ж гарна, як і вчора. 8. Ця кімната не така зручна, як кабінет дантиста.

III. Independent Work: What Happens to a Hamburger

Exercise 1. Read the first part of the text and translate it, write down new words in your vocabulary.

What Happens to a Hamburger

(Part I)

I like to eat. I like bread and pears and celery. I like carrots, and chicken, and potatoes, and hamburgers. I like orange juice, and milk, and tomato juice. What do you like? Good food makes you strong and healthy. It gives you energy and helps you grow. Your body uses food in different ways. It uses some kinds of food to make strong bones and hard teeth. It turns other food into solid muscles. It uses some of the food you eat to keep you warm.

Before your body can do these things, it had to change the food. Solid foods like hamburgers and potatoes have to be changed into liquids. Liquids like milk and orange juice have to be changed, too.

When you change the food you eat, you are digesting it. Put two lumps of sugar in an empty glass. Take a wooden spoon and pound the lumps with the handle. Pound them until they are broken up into powder. Now pour some water in the glass and stir. Keep stirring until the sugar powder has disappeared. Take a sip of the water. Can you taste the sugar? The sugar has disappeared, but it's still there. It has broken up into millions of tiny pieces. Your eye cannot see them, but your tongue can taste them.

When you digest your food, you break it up into millions of very tiny pieces. You start to do this as you take a bite to eat. Digestion begins in your mouth when you chew. You break up the food with your teeth.

Something else helps to break up the food in your mouth. It is a fluid. Some people call it spit. Its correct name is saliva.

Whenever you take a bite of food, saliva pours into your mouth. You say your mouth is watering. Saliva comes from small glands in your cheeks and under your tongue.

Sometimes saliva pours into your mouth even before you take a bite. The smell of food will start it. Take a good sniff of a box of chocolates. Sniff ajar of pickles. What other kinds of food make your mouth water?

After you have chewed your food, you swallow it. Your epiglottis closes. It is a door that keeps food from going into your lungs. Your throat squeezes together when you swallow. It pushes the food down into your esophagus. Another name for esophagus is gullet. Your gullet is a tube that leads from the back of your mouth to your stomach. There are muscles in your gullet that squeeze together. They push food into your stomach.

(To be continued.)

Notes:

celery - селера

solid - міцний

muscle - мускул

liquid - рідина

to digest - перетравлювати

lump - шматок

to pound - товкти; бити; калатати powder - порошок to pour - наливати to stir - розмішувати sip - ковток

to taste - пробувати на смак tiny - крихітний fluid - рідина spit - слина

your mouth is watering - у тебе слинка тече

gland - залоза

sniff - вдихання носом

jar - банка

pickles - соління

to swallow - ковтати

epiglottis - надгортанник

Exercise 2. Make a plan of this part of the text.

Exercise 3. Ask questions based on each point of your plan.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

• What happens with food in your mouth?

• Where does food go from your mouth?

Lesson Thirty-Two

I	Speaking	At the Dentist's. Dental Instruments
II	Grammar Suffixes	1. Іменникові та дієслівні безособові речення (§86). 2. Слова-замінники (§87)(adj.) -ous, -ish
III	Independent Work	What Happens to a Hamburger (Part II)