Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, remember their Latin or Greek equivalents.

English		Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
bone [bson]		os, ossa/osteo-	кістка
osteology		osteologia	остеологія
skull		cranium	череп
skeleton		skeleton	скелет
joint [dpint]		articulatio/arthro-	суглоб
ligament		1 igamentum/desmo-	зв'язка
cartilage ['kaitilicbj]		cartilago/chondro-	хрящ
axial skeleton ['aeksisl]		skeleton axiale	осьовий скелет
frontal		os frontale	лобова (кістка)
parietal [pa'raiitl]		os parietale	тім'яна (кістка)
temporal [Чстрзгзі]		os temporale	скронева (кістка)
ethmoid ['eGmoid]		os ethmoidale	решітчаста (кістка)
sphenoid ['sfi:noid]		os sphenoidale	клиноподібна (кістка)
occipital [nk'sipi:tl]		os occipitale	потилична (кістка)
facial [Teijbl]		ossa facialia	лицьові (кістки)
lower jaw [033:], mandible ['maendibl]		mandibula	нижня щелепа
upper jaw, maxilla [msek'silo]		maxilla	верхня щелепа
zygomatic [,zaigDu'mgetik]		os zygomaticum	вилична (кістка)
nasal ['neizsl]		os nasale	носова (кістка)
lacrimal ['bkrimsl]		lacrimalis	сльозовий (слізний)
vomer [vauma]		vomer	леміш
inferior nasal concha ['korjka]		concha nasalis inferior	нижня носова раковина
vertebral column		columna vertebralis	хребтовий стовп
bones of the thoracic cage [Goi'rsesik'keidj]		ossa thoracis	кістки грудної клітки
cervical ['s3:vikal] vertebra		vertebra cervicis	шийний хребець
thoracic		thoracalis	грудний
lumbar [ЧлтЬз]		lumbalis	поперековий
sacral ['seikrsl]		sacralis	крижовий
coccyx ['knksiks]		coccyx	куприк
; breastbone ['brestbaon]		sternum	грудина
rib		costa	ребро
pelvic girdle ['g3:dl]		cingulum pelvicum	пояс нижньої кінцівки (тазовий пояс)
hip bone		os coxae	кульшова (тазова) кістка
ilium ['ilbm]		os ilii	клубова кістка
ischium ['iskism]		os ischii	сіднична кістка
English	Latin/Greek			Ukrainian
pubic bone	os pubis			лобкова кістка
pelvis	pelvis			таз
thigh bone [Oai], femur ['fhmo]	femur			стегнова кістка
knee cap	patella			надколінок, надколінна чашечка
tibia ['tibio]	tibia			велика гомілкова кістка
fibula ['fibjolo]	fibula			мала гомілкова кістка
tarsal bones	ossa tarsi			заплеснові кістки
metatarsal bones of the digits	metatarsalia ossa digitorum			плеснові кістки пальців
scapula ['skaspjula]	scapula			лопатка
clavicle [kla^vikl]	clavicula			ключиця
humerus [hjunnoras]	humerus			плечова кістка
shoulder girdle	cingulum pectorale			плечовий пояс
radius [ rcidibs]	radius			променева кістка
ulna ['ліпз]	ulna			ліктьова кістка
carpal bones	ossa caipi			зап'ясткові кістки
metacarpus bones	ossa metacarpi			кістки п'ястка
bones of the fingers	ossa digitorum			фаланги пальців

Exercise 2. Read the texts A and B. Try to understand them without using a dictionary.

Text A. Skeleton

The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.

The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in the skull.

The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs and breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arch. All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there arc seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.

The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. It is composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either (також). They are not connected with other ribs, they are free. Each rib is composed of a head, a neck and a body.

The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substances.

Text B. Skull

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, they are facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly (міцно) that is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the oral cavity and the other is the cavity of the nose. The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

Exercise 3. Ask your friend to name all the bones of the skull (use Fig. 5-1). Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 5-2 and describe the human skeleton.

Exercise 5. In the Fig. 5-3 you can see the vertebral column. How many parts does the vertebral column have? Name all of them. How many vertebrae does each of them have?

Exercise 6. Look at the pelvic girdle in Fig. 5-4. Name all its bones and their location.

Exercise 7. Describe the dif­ferences between the male pelvis and the female pelvis (use Fig. 5-5).