10. He dared test this device without permission.11.1 cannot understand why you should do it.

12. You ought not to have touched those devices.

13. You needn't do it.

14. Your documents might be received yesterday.

15. You could have finished your work in time if you had worked harder. Exercise 5. Translate into English using modal verbs.

1. Ми можемо бачити очима, чути вухами, відчувати дотик кінчиками пальців. 2. Ці рецептори повинні бути у шкірі. 3. Ти розкажеш про сенсорну систему? 4. Твоя мама повинна проконсультуватися в офтальмолога негайно. 5. Він потребує огляду отоларинголога. 6. Можна я спочатку пройду огляд у невропатолога?

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the verbs should/would.

1. We should all be grateful to professor Petrenko for his valuable report. 2. There was a general recognition that bone tumors should be treated surgically. 3. Doctor Hryshchenko, would you kindly comment on this cure? 4. I should like to ask professor Nesterov what was found advisable in the treatment of this disease. 5. I'd like to write down the names of prominent specialists in heart surgery. 6. It would be difficult to separate this progress from the general achievements of the science.

III. Independent Work: Drugs

Exercise 1. Read the text. Translate it using the vocabulary below.

Drugs

Every human society uses some drugs to change people's state of awareness¹. Drugs can mean everything from cigarettes and alcohol to heroin, opium, amphetamines, LSD and cocaine. In our society the main drugs are alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, while in Peru chewing cola leaves (which are used to produce cocaine) is an everyday activity, and in some Middle Eastern countries smoking hashish (marijuana) or opium is legal² while alcohol is banned³. Drugs which can influence⁴ our state of consciousness³ are known as psychoactive drugs.

All psychoactive drugs affect⁶ the nervous system in some way, but they have different effects by influencing different parts of it. For example, caffeine, which we take in coffee or cola drinks, acts on the autonomic nervous system to produce a state of arousal⁷ in the body. So it is not surprising that it helps people to wake up in the morning, but in large quantities it can make one irritable⁸ and edgy⁹.

Morphine and heroine are sometimes used medically, because they are powerful painkillers¹⁰. People who take the drugs report that they make them feel euphoric, as though they are not quite in touch with¹¹ that reality, and good because there is no physical discomfort or fatigue¹² at all. But the problem is that when it wears off¹³, people feel very unpleasant, so it is extremely easy to become both physically and mentally addicted¹⁴ to these drags.

Marijuana was widely used as a tranquillizer¹⁵ in the nineteenth century, and for over two thousand years in the Far East. We know that it acts as a mild depressant, damping down¹⁶ the actions of the autonomic nervous system and producing muscular relaxation. Because of this some users report¹⁷ a sense of time passing very slowly, and an increased sensitivity¹⁸ to sensory¹⁹ stimulation such as music or art.

Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a highly prosocial drug. In other words, it makes people feel social²⁰ and pleasant towards one another. It also enhances awareness of music and color. Ecstasy is often associated with rave music and huge discos, especially in Western Countries. It is interesting that MDMA was discovered in 1914 and was used in marriage guidance counselling²¹, to ease the tension between people so that they could talk over their problems more effectively. In 1970s, however, it became popular as a recreational²² drug, and has now been made illegal. The stimulant drugs known as amphetamines, or "speed", also sometimes seem to have a prosocial effect, at least in small doses. But in large doses, amphetamines can lead to severe²³ mental illness, known as amphetamine psychosis. This involves a distortion²⁴ of reality, the person often becomes extremely paranoid and disturbed²⁵. Amphetamines are also highly addictive drugs.

Another well-known psychoactive drug is known as LSD, or sometimes as "acid"²⁶. It is a hallucinogen²⁷, which means that people who take it can also experience hallucinations seeing things, which are not actually present.

Both natural and synthetic drags can change our moods, our state of awareness and зиг perception²⁸ of reality. They can infect the system leading to sores²⁹, jaundice³⁰, blood poisoning³¹ and AIDS disease. Many signs indicate³² that a person is taking drags, for example, ~udden changes of mood, irritability³³, aggression, loss³⁴ of appetite, loss of interest in hobbies ?: friends, insomnia³⁵, furtive behavior³⁶, unusual smells³⁷, stains³⁸ on the body.

What pushes people to take drugs? There are many reasons. Some people turn to drags to help relax and cope with the stress and problems of their lives. Some experience³⁹ many pressures at school, work, from parents, friends, they are not loved, frightened or frustrated⁴⁰. Still others take drags simply out of curiosity⁴¹ but often become addicted. Some people want to make their experiences. Many people think that drags are the best way out⁴². However they do not realize how devastating⁴³ and dangerous they are.

Notes: