II. Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Define the suffixes and prefixes of the words and translate them in:. Ukrainian.

Indefinite, impossible, illegal, irregular, unwritten, misspell, unsuitable, retireme~ incidentally, uninteresting, indifference, noneffective, misinform, demobilize, rewrite, prev . antiatomic.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

1. If you catch influenza, you are attended by a ... .

2. If your nerves are out of order, you go to a ... .

3. If you have a toothache, you are consulted by a ... .

4. If something gets into your eye, you go to see an ...

5. If you have a sore throat, you go to a ... .

6. If you have a heart attack, you call a ... .

(therapeutist, ophthalmologist, neuropathist, laryngologist, cardiologist, stomatologist)

Exercise 3. Choose the necessary participle. Translate the sentences.

1. The blood vessels (located, locating) on the anterior surface of the arm were dilated. 2. The vessels (carried, carrying) blood to the heart are called veins. 3. The lungs are the inner organs (included, including) in the thoracic cavity.

Exercise 4. Read the following sentences and define instead of what words the substitutes one — one's, that - those are used.

1. The condition of patient M. is worse than that of patient N. 2. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the neck. 3. The bones of the lower extremities are longer than those of the upper ones.

Exercise 5. Write out sentences with participles I and II from the text "Heart and Vascular System".

Exercise 6. Form the past participle of the verbs given in brackets. State their functions. Translate the sentences.

1. The patient (admit) to the hospital was a 45-year-old female. 2. The inner organs 'include) in the thoracic cavity are the heart and the lungs. 3. The blood (carry) to the lungs is called venous blood.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. Прооперований пацієнт мав серцеву недостатність. 2. Обстежуючи хворого, лікар виявив ваду серця. 3. Кров, повертаючись із легень, входить у ліве передсердя. 4. Артеріальна кров, що повертається з легень, насичена киснем. 5. У читальній залі кардіолог розповідав студентам про цей випадок. 6. Зайшовши у палату, медсестра побачила дитину, яка читала книгу. 7. Перев'язуючи рану вдруге, медсестра побачила, що шкіра навколо почервоніла. 8. Хворі, прооперовані відомим хірургом, швидко одужували.

III. Independent Work: Heart Sounds

Exercise 1. Read the text and say what data important for a future doctor are given in it.

Heart Sounds

When we listen to the heart, we can hear two sounds. The third sound is also heard in some persons.

The first heart sound is the longest one. It is heard at the moment of contraction of fhe ventricles when the atrioventricular valves close.

The second sound lasts for a shorter period of time. It is heard at the moment when the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves close.

The third heart sound is heard when the blood is passing from the atria into the ventricle?

The first and the second cardiac sounds are heard over all the portions of the heart and ofter over the large vessels. The first heart sound is greater over the surface of the ventricles and it:? the greatest over the surface of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The second heart sound is hearc. loudest over the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Heart sounds are also heard over some portions of the chest. Normally the first heart sour.:, is heard over the apex of the heart in the fifth costal interspace. The second sound is heard be?-over the pulmonary artery and the aorta, that is in the second left and right costal interspace-The aortic sound is normally louder than the pulmonic sound.

The heart sounds are very important in the clinical diagnosis and doctors determine mar-cardiac diseases by heart sounds.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions based on the text.

1. How many heart sounds do we hear when we listen to the heart? 2. When is the first hea^-sound heard? 3. When is the second heart sound heard? 4. At what moment is the third hear sound heard? 5. Where is the first heart sound heard louder? 6. Over the surface of what valve-is the first heart sound heard loudest? 7. Where is the second heart sound heard loudest? 8. I: which costal interspaces is the first heart sound heard best? 9. In which costal interspaces is t':.. second heart sound heard best? 10. Which of the two sounds - aortic or pulmonic — is loude-normally? 11. What do heart sounds help doctors to determine?

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, name participle I or II

1. The man examining the patients is my uncle. 2. The infected tooth was extracted. 3. Tr. patient operated some days ago feels much better. 4. The case discussed was very interesting 5. Measures taken in time prevented the spreading of disease. 6. Anatomy is the science :: the bodily structure of living organisms. 7. The arterial blood coming from the lungs is rich -oxygen. 8. From the lungs well-oxygenated blood returns through the pulmonary veins to th: left atrium.

UNIT TWELVE

I	Speaking	Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Blood Circulation
II	Grammar	Functions of Participles in Sentences (§102)
III	Independent Work	Cardiovascular Diseases

I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Vessels and Blood Circulaton

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• name three types of vessels;

• compare the locations and functions of the pulmonary and systemic circuits;

• name the arteries of the systemic circuit;

• name the veins of the systemic circuit;

• explain the physiology of circulation;

• define pulse and blood pressure;

• list disorders of the blood vessels.

Exercise 1. Translate the following indefinite personal sentences.

1. It is known that the blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that patient Imirnov's health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical :\ertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight decreased considerably during the prolonged . ^ness.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes ".orter and the other one - longer. 2 The pressure in the cranial cavity is increased as a result of v.e increase in arterial pressure. 3. In the man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per .;nt of the blood volume. 4. Can life exist without oxygen? 5. A cardiac cycle is composed of ^_e wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6. In the human body sex differences exist in the :.ner organs and their functions.

Exercise 3. Read the passages and answer the questions.

1. This substance is composed of plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets."hat substance is it?

2. These cellular elements are the most numerous in the blood. They range from 4 to 5

- llion per cu mm in healthy adults. Their color(ing) is red. What cellular elements are they?

3. This blood is brought to the heart from systemic and portal circulations. It enters the

- ;ht atrium of the heart. Then this blood passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle .':s blood passes into the pulmonary artery. What blood is it?

Exercise 4. Say what heart valve is described in each sentences.

1. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the left heart chamber. 2. This valve nnects the atrium and the ventricle of the right heart chamber. 3. This valve is located at the -: :nt of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle.

Exercise 5. Combine the nouns with appropriate verbs.

The heart, the blood, the artery, contract, pass, dilate, bring, regulate, pump, vary, beat, :npose, work, consist of, discharge, receive, enter, act, serve, send, oxygenate, carry.

Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. The human heart begins to beat and pump blood quicker than usual during emotions stress. 2. The human heart makes 60-80 contractions per minute. 3. On physical exertion th. heart has a short period of rest and the diastole becomes less. 4. The heart acts as a purr.: discharging the blood to the peripheral and pulmonary systems. 5. Ten tons of blood are pumpe: through the heart daily. 6. John Floyer, an English doctor (1694-1734), was the first scientist:: find out the varying rate in men.

Exercise 7. Learn the following words by heart, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
artery [a:tari]	arteria	артерія
aorta [ei'a:ta]	aorta	аорта
arteriole [a:'tieri,aul]	arteriola	артеріола
circuit ['s3:kit]	circulus	КОЛО
vein [vein]	vena/phleb(s)	вена
venule ['vmju:l]	venula	венула
pulmonary	pulmonalis	легеневий
camera, chamber	cavum	порожнина
inferior [in fiaria]	inferioris	нижній
superior [sju:'piaria]	superioris	верхній
capillary vessel [ka'pilari]	vas capillare	капілярна судина

Exercise 8. Lean the pronunciation of the following words.

respiratory ['respararori] дихальний

lateral ['tetaral] боковий

mediastinum [,mi:dia'stainam] середостіння

pleura ['pluara] плевра

lobe [laub] доля

serous ['siaras] серозний, сироватковий