1. For you to breathe fresh and pure air is very important.

2. It is not difficult for the doctor to treat the disease.

3. The patient is said to be operated in the operating room.

4. The nurse gave the patient sedative to relive the pain.

5. It is necessary for the ear to be treated for a long time.

6. The main thing for him is to consult a doctor.

7. The injection of this drug caused the temperature to rise for a short time.

8. He ordered everything to be prepared for blood transfusion.

9. Everybody knows morphine to be dangerous in conditions of low metabolism.

10. Scientists seem to find new methods in the treatment of cancer.

Exercise 5. Translate into English using infinitive complexes.

1. Ми бачили, як хірург робив цю операцію. 2. Він сподівається, що вона повернеться в неділю. 3. Кажуть, що вони обстежують хворих за допомогою комп'ютера. 4. Було чути, як дитина співала у дитячій кімнаті. 5. Нам краще було б використати цей метод лікування. 6. Я хочу, щоб ти швидко переклав цей текст.

UNIT TEN

I	Speaking	Cardiovascular System. Blood
II	Grammar	Infinitive and Its Complexes (Revision) (§§95-100)
III	Independent Work	Blood Tests

I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Blood

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• list the functions of the blood;

• list the main ingredients in the plasma;

• name three elements of the blood;

• define blood type;

• explain the effect of blood type on transfusions;

• define anemia and leukemia;

• describe the tests used to study blood.

Exercise 1. Learn the following words by heart, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
anemia [s'nkmjs]	anaemia	анемія
corpuscle ['k3:pAs(s)l]	corpusculum	тільце
erythrocyte [i'ri9r3u,sait] (red blood cell)	erythrocytus	еритроцит
leukocyte [ iju:k3u,sait] (white blood cell)	leukocytus	лейкоцит
thrombocyte ['Orombs.sait], platelet ['pleitbt]	thrombocytus	тромбоцит
elasticity [^ilaes'tissti]		еластичність
hemoglobin [.hiimsu'glaubin]	haemoglobinum	гемоглобін
maximal ['maeksimsl]	maximus	максимальний
hemolysis [hi:'irrolisis]	haemolysis	гемоліз
leukemia [lju:'kimis]	leukaemia	лейкемія
plasma ['plaezms]	plasma	плазма
serum ['siarsm]	serum	сироватка
thrombocytopenia	thrombocytopenia	тромбоцитопенія

Exercise 2. Read the text, translate it, make up its detailed plan.

Blood

It is considered that the blood is a connective tissue, because nearly half of it is made up of cells. But the cells of the blood are not fixed in position, they move freely in the liquid portion of the blood called plasma.

The blood is the thick fluid of red color (it can be from bright scarlet to dark red. depending on how much oxygen it is carrying). The blood volume accounts for about 8 % of total body weight (about 5 liters).

The blood is carried through a closed system of vessels pumped by the heart and serves the body in three ways: transportation, regulation and protection.

The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, minerals, vitamins, waste products and hormones.

The blood regulates fluid balance, body

,„ ., , ,, temperature; it protects the body from blood

Fig. 10-1. Blood cells , , • Л- • ■

loss and against foreign organisms.

The constituents of the blood are the

plasma and formed elements. The plasma is a liquid composed of water, proteins, nutrients.

minerals, waste products, hormones and other materials.

The elements of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (or thrombocytes). There are some types of white cells: granulocytes (include neutrophils ['nju:tra,filz], eosinophils [,i:ou'sinafilz] and basophils ['beissfilz]), and agranulocytes (include lymphocytes and monocytes) (Fig. 10-1).

Each element has its own function:

• erythrocytes transport oxygen;

• leukocytes destroy pathogens, so they protect the body against infection;

• thrombocytes participate in blood clotting.

There are cases when the amount of blood is severely reduced. The body cells suffer from lack of oxygen and nutrients. With the help of transfusion we can increase the amount of the blood. Transfusion is a procedure of administering blood from another person and giving it to the patient. The person who gives the blood is called the donor, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.

Human blood is divided into four groups: group AB, group A, group B, group 0. These letters indicate the type of antigen present in the red cells, with 0, indicating that neither A nor В antigen is present. It is these antigens in the donor's red cells that react with the antibodies in the patient's plasma and cause a transfusion reaction.

Persons with group 0 are said to be universal donors and the persons with group AB are called universal recipients.

To blood disorders belong anemia, leukemia, hemophilia and thrombocytopenia. Anemia is the lack of hemoglobin. Leukemia is the excess production of white corpuscles. Hemophilia is the lack of clotting factors. Thrombocytopenia is the lack of platelets.

Exercise 3. List the functions of the blood.

Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 10-1, name all the components of the blood.

Exercise 5. Find sentences describing the composition of the plasma (use the text).

Exercise 6. What is the main function of:

• erythrocytes?

• leukocytes?

• thrombocytes?

Exercise 7. Speak about groups of blood (use Table 10-1 and Fig. 10-2).

Table 10-1. Blood Groups

	О (I)	A (II)	В (III)	AB (IV)
Antigens		A	В	А, В
Antibodies	a, (3	P	a	-

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

1. What kind of tissue is the blood? Why?

2. What color can the blood have?

3. How much blood has the human body?

4. What are the functions of the blood?

5. Can you name all constituents of the blood?

6. Whom do we call donors and recipients?

7. What is transfusion?

8. What can you tell about anemia?

9. What is leukemia?