7. Bone marrow biopsy gives valuable information to diagnose bone marrow disorders,cukemia and anemia.

Exercise 2. Read the text. Find passages about the count of leukocytes and erythrocytes, jnd translate them. Memorize the number of WBC and RBC.

Corpuscular Elements of Blood

Blood is a fluid tissue with many various functions. Not only important physiological rrocess takes place in the blood but it determines the activity of widely separated body cells.

Blood is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements which are called red corpuscles r erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leukocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes.

It is generally considered that no sex differences exist in the count of white corpuscles or eukocytes. The count of leukocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4,500 to 9,500 per cu. mm cubic millimeter). When the number of white blood cells (WBC) is counted after mental or •- sical exertion, meals and mild activity, it may increase to 10,000 and more per cu. mm. It is estimated that the erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements, ranging from -.t)00,000 to 5,000,000 per cu. mm. The red blood cell count (RBC) may change with age; lien the red blood cell count is done after physical exertion and emotions, it may increase.

One knows that the red corpuscles have two physical features which are very important in e function of respiration. They have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them " c possibility to pass through very small capillaries. The discoid form of the corpuscle gives it - maximal surface for a given mass.

The most important part of the red cell is its red coloring substance or hemoglobin which ■". an average forms about 36 % of its mass.

The total blood volume is divided into circulating and deposit volumes.

The average human blood volume is not less than 7.5 % but not more than 10 % of the body weight. It is generally stated that the circulating volume averages smaller in females thar. in males. The circulating volume of the blood depends on the changes of the air temperature.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences choosing the necessary word combinations.

1. The most numerous cells of blood are ...

1. white blood corpuscles.

2. red blood corpuscles.

3. blood platelets.

2. Blood is ...

1. a connective tissue.

2. a muscular tissue.

3. a fluid tissue.

4. a nervous tissue.

3. The right ventricle discharges the blood to the lungs ...

1. through the aorta.

2. through the pulmonary arteries.

3. through the portal vein.

4. The blood is discharged out ...

1. of the ventricles.

2. of the atria.

Exercise 4. Read and memorize these interesting facts.

Do you know that:

1. each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days?

2. each leukocyte lives 4-7 days?

3. every day 200,000,000 erythrocytes are born and the same number dies?

Exercise 5. Read the sentences and say what they are about.

1. These corpuscles have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them possibility to pass through very small capillaries. 2. The count of these corpuscles in the bio:-; of a healthy person is from 5,000 to 7,000 per cu. mm. The number of these corpuscles increa^ when a person becomes ill.

UNIT ELEVEN

I	Speaking	Cardiovascular System. Heart
II	Grammar	Participles I, II (§101)
III	Independent Work	Heart Sounds

I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Heart

After careful study of this unit you should be able to:

• define the location of the heart;

• name four chambers of the heart;

• name four valves;

• characterize the chambers of the heart;

• describe the muscular structure;

• name three groups of vessels;

• classify heart diseases;

• describe approaches to the treatment of heart diseases.

Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words by heart, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
heart	cor, cordis/cardio-	серце
■ ascular ['vaeskjub]	vascularis	судинний
". essel	vas, vasis/angio-	судина
лрех ['eipeks]	apex	верхівка
pericardium [peri'kaidiam]	pericardium	перикард
costal ['kDStsl]	costalis	реберний
>eprum ['septsm]	septum	перегородка
itrium ['astrism]	atrium	передсердя
ventricle ['ventrikl]	ventriculus	шлуночок
". alve fvaelv]	valva	клапан
7.brous ['faibrss]	fibrosis	волокнистий
>ystemic [sis'temik]	systemicus	системний
pulmonary ['рліптзпзгі]	pulmonalis	легеневий
portal ['po:t(s)l]	portalis	портальний
ung [Ілп]	pulmo-/pneumo-	легеня

Exercise 2. Learn the words.