Word formation: Conversion (конверсия)

Конверсияѝ(Conversion)ѝ—ѝширокоѝиспользуемыйѝспособѝобразо- ванияѝсловѝвѝанглийскомѝязыке.ѝ

Какѝправило,ѝсуществительныеѝ(вѝединственномѝчисле)ѝиѝглаголыѝ(безѝчастицыѝto),ѝобразованныеѝпоѝспособуѝконверсии,ѝпишутсяѝиѝпроизносятсяѝодинаково.ѝ

Некоторыеѝсуществительныеѝиѝсоответствующиеѝимѝглаголы,ѝ хотяѝиѝпишутсяѝодинаково,ѝноѝпроизносятсяѝпо-разному,ѝилиѝ имеютѝразныеѝударения:ѝ

exportѝ—ѝtoѝexportѝ importѝ—ѝtoѝimportѝ

Exercise 1 Make the verbs from the nouns below and translate them into Russian.

visitѝѝ	noteѝ	doubtѝ	sentenceѝ
requestѝ	practiceѝ	faceѝ	orderѝ
turnѝ	listѝ	borderѝ	importѝ

Exercise 2 Make the nouns from the verbs below.

toѝborderѝѝ	toѝplaceѝ
toѝvalueѝ	toѝfineѝ
toѝchangeѝ	toѝnumberѝ

Reading

Before you read, name the capital city and the official language of the following countries.

TheѝRussianѝFederationѝ TheѝUnitedѝKingdomѝofѝGreatѝBritainѝandѝNorthernѝIrelandѝ TheѝUnitedѝStatesѝofѝAmericaѝ

Canadaѝ

Australiaѝ

Franceѝ

Spainѝ

Italyѝ Germanyѝ

100

Exercise 1 Read this text and complete the profile of Russia below.

General information: the Russian Federation

TheѝRussianѝFederationѝisѝbyѝfarѝtheѝlargestѝcountryѝinѝtheѝworld,ѝ coveringѝmoreѝthanѝanѝeighthѝofѝtheѝearth'sѝsurface,ѝextendingѝoverѝ muchѝ ofѝ northernѝ Eurasia.ѝ Itsѝ totalѝ areaѝ isѝ moreѝ thanѝ 17ѝ millionѝ squareѝkilometers.ѝѝ

Russiaѝisѝwashedѝbyѝtwelveѝseasѝandѝthreeѝoceans.ѝTheѝcountryѝsharesѝ landѝbordersѝwithѝ14ѝcountries.ѝItѝalsoѝhasѝmaritimeѝbordersѝwithѝ5ѝ countries.ѝ

Withѝ142ѝmillionѝpeople,ѝitѝisѝtheѝninthѝlargestѝbyѝpopulation.ѝ

Theѝcountryѝspansѝ11ѝtimeѝzonesѝandѝincorporatesѝgreatѝrangeѝofѝenvironmentsѝandѝlandforms.ѝFromѝnorthѝtoѝsouthѝtheѝEastѝEuropeanѝ Plainѝisѝcladѝinѝtundra,ѝconiferousѝforestѝ(taiga),ѝmixedѝandѝbroadleafѝ forests,ѝ grasslandѝ (steppe),ѝ andѝ semi-desertѝ asѝ theѝ changesѝ inѝ vegetationѝreflectѝtheѝchangesѝinѝclimateѝTheѝenormousѝsizeѝofѝtheѝ countryѝresultѝinѝtheѝdominanceѝofѝtheѝhumidѝcontinentalѝandѝsubarcticѝclimate.ѝ

Russiaѝ hasѝ theѝ world'sѝ greatestѝ reservesѝ ofѝ mineralѝ andѝ energyѝ resources,ѝandѝisѝconsideredѝanѝenergyѝsuperpower.ѝItѝhasѝtheѝworld'sѝ largestѝ forestѝ reservesѝ andѝ itsѝ lakesѝ containѝ approximatelyѝ onequarterѝofѝtheѝworld'sѝunfrozenѝfreshѝwater.ѝ

TheѝRussianѝFederationѝisѝaѝfederalѝpresidentialѝrepublicѝcomprisingѝ 83ѝfederalѝsubjects.ѝѝ

Country profile

Name:ѝѝ __________________________________ѝ Territory:ѝѝ ________________________________ѝ Capital:ѝ ѝ_________________________________ѝ Typeѝofѝgovernment:ѝѝ _______________________ѝ Headѝofѝstate:ѝ ѝ_____________________________ѝ Officialѝlanguage:ѝѝ __________________________ѝ

Exercise 2 Answer these questions.

1.ѝWhatѝseasѝandѝoceansѝisѝtheѝRussianѝFederationѝwashedѝby?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝcountriesѝdoesѝtheѝcountryѝborderѝupon?ѝ

101

3.ѝHowѝmanyѝclimateѝzonesѝdoesѝRussiaѝspan?ѝ 4.ѝWhatѝcanѝyouѝsayѝaboutѝtheѝclimateѝofѝtheѝcountry?ѝ 5.ѝWhyѝisѝRussiaѝconsideredѝaѝsuperpower?ѝ 6.ѝHowѝmanyѝfederalѝsubjectsѝdoesѝtheѝRussianѝFederationѝcomprise?ѝ

Grammar: The noun group

(группа существительного)

Вѝ английскойѝ группеѝ существительного,ѝ состоящейѝ изѝ несколькихѝ слов,ѝ наѝрусскийѝ языкѝсуществительнымѝ переводитсяѝлишьѝ последнееѝ слово.ѝ Всеѝ предыдущиеѝ словаѝ будутѝ определяющимиѝ его:ѝѝ

criminalѝprocedureѝlegislationѝ—ѝуголовно-процессуальноеѝѝ законодательствоѝ

Частоѝвѝанглийскойѝгруппеѝсуществительногоѝвѝкачествеѝопределенияѝвыступаетѝдругоеѝимяѝсуществительное.ѝНаѝрусскийѝязыкѝ такоеѝ существительноеѝпереводитсяѝ либоѝ прилагательным,ѝ либоѝ существительнымѝвѝкосвенномѝпадеже:ѝѝ

aѝcourtѝsentenceѝ—ѝсудебныйѝприговор,ѝприговорѝсудаѝ

Exercise 1 Define the main word in each noun group and translate these word combinations into Russian.

friendlyѝcontactsѝ	theѝMoscowѝDumaѝ
crimeѝpreventionѝ	crimeѝpreventionѝserviceѝ
peaceѝinitiativesѝ	aresearchѝinstituteѝ
FederationѝCouncilѝ	criminalѝlawѝcasesѝ
aѝmilitiaѝstationѝѝ	legalѝsystemѝѝ
terroristѝtacticsѝ	stateѝbodyѝ
Note:ѝ17ѝmillionѝsquareѝkilometerѝterritoryѝ
aѝcriminalѝwarѝ	aѝwarѝcriminalѝ
aѝprisonѝlifeѝ	aѝlifeѝimprisonmentѝ
aѝpropertyѝdisputeѝ	aѝdisputedѝpropertyѝ
programѝimplementationѝ	implementationѝprogramѝ
theѝinformationѝdepartmentѝ	theѝdepartmentѝinformationѝ

theѝSupremeѝCourtѝofѝArbitrationѝJudgesѝ

102

Reading

Before you read, debate the following questions.

1.ѝWhatѝdoѝyouѝknowѝaboutѝtheѝsystemѝofѝgovernmentѝinѝtheѝRussianѝ Federation?ѝ

2.ѝWhyѝdoѝyouѝthinkѝtheѝseparationѝofѝpowerѝintoѝlegislative,ѝexecutiveѝ andѝjudicialѝexists?ѝ

Exercise 1 Read the text.

State system of the Russian Federation

TheѝRussianѝFederationѝisѝsetѝupѝbyѝtheѝConstitutionѝofѝ1993.ѝ

UnderѝtheѝConstitutionѝRussiaѝisѝaѝpresidentialѝrepublic.ѝTheѝfederalѝ governmentѝconsistsѝofѝthreeѝbranches:ѝlegislative,ѝexecutiveѝandѝjudicial.ѝEachѝofѝthemѝisѝcheckedѝandѝbalancedѝbyѝtheѝPresident.ѝ

TheѝlegislativeѝpowerѝisѝvestedѝinѝtheѝFederalѝAssembly.ѝItѝconsistsѝofѝ twoѝchambers.ѝTheѝUpperѝChamberѝisѝtheѝCouncilѝofѝFederation;ѝ theѝLowerѝChamberѝisѝtheѝStateѝDuma.ѝ

EachѝchamberѝisѝheadedѝbyѝtheѝSpeaker.ѝTheѝmembersѝofѝtheѝFederalѝ Assemblyѝareѝelectedѝbyѝpopularѝvoteѝforѝaѝfour-yearѝperiod.ѝ

LegislatureѝmaybeѝinitiatedѝinѝeitherѝofѝtheѝtwoѝChambers.ѝButѝtoѝbecomeѝaѝlawѝaѝbillѝmustѝbeѝapprovedѝbyѝbothѝChambersѝandѝsignedѝbyѝ theѝPresident.ѝTheѝPresidentѝmayѝvetoѝtheѝbill.ѝ

TheѝPresidentѝisѝcommander-in-chiefѝofѝtheѝarmedѝforces;ѝheѝmakesѝ treaties,ѝenforcesѝlaws,ѝandѝappointsѝministersѝtoѝbeѝapprovedѝbyѝtheѝ FederalѝAssembly.ѝ

TheѝexecutiveѝpowerѝbelongsѝtoѝtheѝGovernmentѝwhichѝisѝheadedѝbyѝ theѝPrimeѝMinister.ѝTheѝfirstѝactionѝofѝtheѝPrimeѝMinisterѝonѝappointmentѝisѝtoѝformѝtheѝCabinet.ѝ

TheѝjudicialѝbranchѝisѝrepresentedѝbyѝtheѝConstitutionalѝCourt,ѝtheѝSupremeѝCourt,ѝtheѝSupremeѝCourtѝofѝArbitration,ѝandѝtheѝregionalѝcourts.ѝ

TheѝflagѝofѝRussiaѝisѝaѝtricolorѝofѝthreeѝequalѝhorizontalѝfields,ѝwhiteѝ onѝtheѝtop,ѝblueѝinѝtheѝmiddleѝandѝredѝonѝtheѝbottom.ѝTheѝnationalѝ anthemѝofѝRussiaѝisѝcomposedѝbyѝAlexanderѝAlexandrov.ѝTheѝhymnѝ wasѝadoptedѝinѝlateѝ2000ѝbyѝPresidentѝVladimirѝPutinѝ

AѝnewѝStateѝEmblemѝofѝtheѝRussianѝFederationѝeѝconsistsѝofѝaѝblackѝ two-headedѝeagleѝcrownedѝwithѝtwoѝimperialѝcrowns,ѝoverѝwhichѝtheѝ sameѝthirdѝcrown,ѝenlarged.ѝItѝisѝtheѝmostѝancientѝsymbolѝofѝRussia.ѝ Allѝtheseѝsymbolsѝareѝofficial.ѝTheyѝhaveѝbeenѝapprovedѝbyѝtheѝFederalѝAssembly.ѝ

103

Exercise 2 Find the in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

учредитьѝ согласноѝ Конституции;ѝ президентскаяѝ республика;ѝ законодательная/исполнительная/судебнаяѝ власть;ѝ системаѝ сдержекѝиѝпротивовесов;ѝвозложитьѝна;ѝФедеральноеѝсобрание;ѝСоветѝ Федерации;ѝ Дума;ѝ избиратьѝ всеобщимѝ голосованием;ѝ одобрить/подписатьѝ закон;ѝ наложитьѝ ветоѝ наѝзаконопроект;ѝ Верховныйѝ Главнокомандующий;ѝ назначатьѝ министров;ѝ возглавлятьѝ правительство;ѝВерховныйѝсуд;ѝгосударственный/ѝгимн/флаг/гербѝ

Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.

1.ѝUnderѝtheѝConstitutionѝRussiaѝis….ѝ 2.ѝTheѝfederalѝgovernmentѝconsistsѝofѝthreeѝbranches:…ѝ 3.ѝTheѝlegislativeѝpowerѝisѝvestedѝin…ѝ 4.ѝTheѝFederalѝAssemblyѝconsistsѝof…ѝ 5.ѝToѝbecomeѝaѝlawѝaѝbillѝmustѝbe….ѝ 6.ѝTheѝexecutiveѝpowerѝbelongsѝto…ѝ 7.ѝTheѝjudicialѝbranchѝisѝrepresentedѝby….ѝ 8.ѝStateѝsymbolsѝofѝtheѝRussianѝFederationѝareѝ….ѝ

Exercise 4 Sum up what you know about the political system of the Russian Federation. Answer and discuss the following questions.

1.ѝWhatѝkindѝofѝpoliticalѝsystemѝdoesѝRussiaѝhave?ѝ 2.ѝIsѝRussiaѝisѝaѝpresidentialѝorѝparliamentaryѝrepublic?ѝѝ

3.ѝWhatѝareѝtheѝadvantagesѝandѝdisadvantagesѝofѝtheѝbothѝformsѝofѝgovernment?ѝ

4.ѝWhatѝisѝtheѝhighestѝlegislativeѝbodyѝofѝRussia?ѝHowѝisѝitѝelected?ѝ 5.ѝWhoѝcanѝinitiateѝlegislature?ѝ 6.ѝWhatѝstagesѝmustѝaѝBillѝpassѝtoѝbecomeѝaѝlaw?ѝ 7.ѝWhatѝareѝtheѝPresident'sѝresponsibilities?ѝ

8.ѝWhoѝisѝtheѝheadѝofѝtheѝexecutiveѝpower?ѝIsѝtheѝGovernmentѝelectedѝ orѝappointed?ѝ

9.ѝWhichѝcourtsѝisѝtheѝjudicialѝbranchѝrepresentedѝby?ѝ 10.ѝWhatѝareѝtheѝofficialѝsymbolsѝofѝtheѝRussianѝFederation?ѝ

104

Grammar: The system of verb tenses (Active voice)

(система времен: активный залог)

	ѝ	Simpleѝ	Progressiveѝ	Perfectѝ	PerfectѝProgressiveѝ
			amѝ	haveѝ	haveѝ
	Presentѝ	electѝ(s)ѝ	areѝelectingѝ	electedѝ	beenѝelectingѝ
			asѝ	hasѝ	hasѝ
			wasѝ
	Pastѝ	electedѝ	electingѝ	hadѝelectedѝ	hadѝbeenѝelectingѝ
			wereѝ
	Futureѝ	willѝ	willѝbeѝelect-	willѝhaveѝ	willѝhaveѝbeenѝ
			ingѝ	electedѝ	electingѝ
		electѝ

Study these examples:

1.ѝTheѝcitizensѝelectѝtheѝPresidentѝeveryѝ6ѝyears.ѝ 2.ѝTheѝcitizensѝelectedѝtheѝPresidentѝlastѝyear.ѝ 3.ѝTheѝcitizensѝareѝelectingѝtheѝPresidentѝtoday.ѝ 4.ѝTheѝcitizensѝwereѝelectingѝtheѝPresidentѝyesterdayѝfromѝ7amѝtoѝ10pm.ѝ 5.ѝTheѝcitizensѝhaveѝalreadyѝelectedѝtheѝPresident.ѝ 6.ѝTheѝcitizensѝhadѝelectedѝtheѝPresidentѝyesterdayѝbyѝ10ѝpm.ѝ 7.ѝTheѝcitizensѝwillѝhaveѝelectedѝtheѝPresidentѝtomorrowѝbyѝ22.00.ѝ 8.ѝTheѝcitizensѝhaveѝbeenѝelectingѝtheѝPresidentѝforѝalmostѝthreeѝcenturies.ѝ 9.ѝTheѝcitizensѝhadn'tѝbeenѝelectingѝtheѝPresidentѝuntilѝ1787.ѝ

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Russian, pay attention to the form of the verbs.

1.ѝ TheѝConstitutionѝ setsѝ theѝbasicѝformѝ ofѝ government,ѝ specifiesѝ theѝ powersѝandѝdutiesѝofѝeachѝfederalѝbranchѝofѝpower.ѝ

2.ѝTheyѝhaveѝrepeatedlyѝamendedѝtheѝConstitutionѝtoѝmeetѝtheѝchangingѝneedsѝofѝtheѝnation.ѝ

3.ѝTheѝParliamentѝpassedѝaboutѝaѝhundredѝlawsѝindirectly.ѝ 4.ѝWhilstѝaѝlawѝisѝstillѝgoingѝthroughѝtheѝParliament,ѝitѝisѝcalledѝaѝBill.ѝ 5.ѝWhenѝwillѝtheyѝintroduceѝtheѝBillѝinѝtheѝLowerѝHouse?ѝ 6.ѝTheѝPrimeѝMinisterѝhasѝbeenѝformingѝhisѝCabinetѝforѝaѝmonth.ѝ

105