Word formation: Suffix -able

Суффиксѝ-ableѝчастоѝиспользуетсяѝдляѝобразованияѝприлагатель- ныхѝотѝглаголов.ѝНапример:ѝ

toѝreadѝ—ѝreadableѝлегкоѝчитаемыйѝ toѝchangeѝ—ѝchangeableѝизменяемый,ѝпеременчивыйѝ

Exercise 1 Make definition sentences with these words.

Model:ѝpunishableѝoffenceѝ—ѝTheѝoffenceѝthatѝisѝpunishedѝfor.ѝ

reliableѝpersonѝ	unreliableѝevidenceѝ
manageableѝtaskѝ	respectableѝpersonѝ

Reading

Before you read, answer the following questions.

1.ѝDoѝyouѝknowѝwhatѝaѝcrimeѝis?ѝTryѝtoѝgiveѝaѝlegalѝdefinitionѝofѝaѝѝ

ѝѝѝѝѝcrime.ѝ 2.ѝWhichѝcrimesѝareѝreportedѝtoѝtheѝpoliceѝinѝyourѝcity?ѝѝ

Exercise 1 Read the text. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you.

Crimesѝclassificationѝ

AnѝinterestingѝwayѝofѝlookingѝatѝcrimeѝisѝsuggestedѝbyѝformerѝAttorneyѝ GeneralѝRamseyѝClarkѝinѝCrimeѝinѝAmerica.ѝHeѝbelievesѝthatѝcrimeѝhasѝ manyѝ«faces»ѝandѝmayѝperhapsѝbeѝbestѝunderstoodѝbyѝusingѝtheѝfollowingѝcategories:ѝ

White-collarѝcrimeѝconvertsѝbillionsѝofѝdollarsѝannuallyѝinѝtaxѝevasion,ѝ priceѝfixing,ѝembezzlement,ѝswindlingѝandѝconsumerѝfraud.ѝ

Organizedѝcrimeѝreapsѝhundredsѝofѝmillionsѝinѝgambling,ѝloansharking,ѝ drugѝtraffic,ѝextortionѝandѝprostitution,ѝcorruptingѝofficialsѝandѝresortingѝtoѝforce,ѝincludingѝmurderѝwhenѝnecessary,ѝtoѝaccomplishѝitsѝpurposes.ѝ

Crimeѝinѝtheѝstreets,ѝasѝweѝhaveѝcomeѝtoѝcallѝit,ѝencompassingѝaѝwideѝ varietyѝofѝcrimesѝagainstѝpeopleѝandѝagainstѝproperty—robbery,ѝmug- ging,ѝburglary,ѝlarceny,ѝtheftѝandѝlooting—producesѝmillionsѝofѝhard- earnedѝdollarsѝforѝitsѝperpetrators.ѝ

Crimeѝofѝpassion,ѝemotionѝoverwhelmingѝreason,ѝincludesѝmostѝmurders,ѝ rapesѝ andѝ assaults.ѝ Conductѝ onceѝ deemedѝ immoralѝ andѝ madeѝ

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criminalѝ—ѝgambling,ѝprostitution,ѝalcoholѝandѝdrugѝabuse,ѝprofanity,ѝ abortion,ѝ homosexuality,ѝ fornicationѝ andѝ obscenityѝ —ѝ isѝ aѝ pervasiveѝ faceѝofѝcrimeѝaccountingѝforѝhundredsѝofѝthousandsѝofѝarrestsѝannually.ѝ

Violationsѝofѝregulationsѝdesignedѝtoѝprotectѝtheѝpublicѝhealth,ѝsafetyѝandѝ convenienceѝ—ѝtrafficѝcontrol,ѝbuildingѝcodes,ѝfireѝordinances,ѝmini- mumѝstandardsѝofѝquality,ѝmandatoryѝsafetyѝprecautions,ѝmisrepresen- tationѝ—ѝinvolveѝhighlyѝantisocialѝconductѝinѝmassѝsocietyѝcausingѝhun- dredsѝofѝthousandsѝofѝdeathsѝeachѝyear.ѝ

Revolutionaryѝcrimeѝandѝillegalѝconductѝintendedѝtoѝalterѝinstitutionsѝ imposeѝrioting,ѝmobѝviolence,ѝunlawfulѝconfrontation,ѝarsonѝandѝtres- passѝonѝaѝwearyѝsociety.ѝTerroristѝactionsѝ—ѝsniping,ѝbombingѝandѝam- bushingѝ—ѝcommonѝinѝpartsѝofѝtheѝworld,ѝareѝanѝever-increasingѝriskѝinѝ America.ѝ

Corruptionѝinѝpublicѝoffice—bribes,ѝpayoffs,ѝfixes,ѝconflictsѝofѝinterest— occursѝinѝeveryѝbranchѝofѝgovernment,ѝlegislative,ѝexecutive,ѝjudicial,ѝ administrative,ѝandѝatѝeveryѝlevel,ѝfederal,ѝstateѝandѝlocal.ѝ

Policeѝcrime—wrongfulѝarrest,ѝbrutalityѝandѝblackmail.ѝ

Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

уклонениеѝотѝуплатыѝналогов;ѝвымогательство;ѝприбегнутьѝкѝсиле;ѝ грабеж;ѝвключатьѝвѝсебя;ѝкражаѝсоѝвзломом;ѝворовство;ѝприсвоениеѝчужогоѝимущества;ѝчрезмернаяѝэмоциональнаяѝреакция;ѝизнасилование;ѝфизическоеѝнападение;ѝзлоупотреблениеѝалкоголем;ѝ богохульство;ѝ прелюбодеяние;ѝ непристойноеѝ поведение;ѝ постановлениеѝ оѝ противопожарнойѝ безопасности;ѝ мерыѝ поѝ техникеѝ безопасности;ѝискажениеѝфактов;ѝстатьѝпричинойѝсмерти;ѝбунт;ѝ поджог;ѝ стрельбаѝ изѝ укрытия;ѝ засада;ѝ взяточничество;ѝ подкуп;ѝ фиктивность;ѝжестокость;ѝшантажѝ

Exercise 3 Place each of the crimes listed below into one of the categories mentioned in the text.

1.ѝTakingѝsomebody'sѝmoneyѝbyѝforceѝorѝthreatѝofѝforceѝ 2.ѝIntentionallyѝkillingѝanotherѝpersonѝ 3.ѝTakingѝaѝcanѝofѝsodaѝfromѝaѝsupermarketѝwithoutѝpayingѝforѝitѝ 4.ѝBettingѝonѝprofessionalѝboxingѝgamesѝѝ 5.ѝBribingѝaѝpoliceѝofficerѝ

6.ѝBeingѝdrunkѝinѝaѝpublicѝplaceѝ

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7.ѝBuyingѝaѝcellѝphoneѝknownѝtoѝbeѝstolenѝ 8.ѝAgreeingѝwithѝothersѝtoѝfixѝtheѝpriceѝofѝgasolineѝѝ 9.ѝUsingѝaѝweaponѝduringѝaѝstreetѝholdupѝ 10.ѝKillingѝaѝpoliceѝofficerѝwhileѝrobbingѝaѝstoreѝ 11.ѝFailingѝtoѝreportѝallѝprofitsѝinѝone'sѝtaxѝformѝ 12.ѝUsingѝanother'sѝcreditѝcardsѝwithoutѝpermissionѝ 13.ѝSellingѝnarcoticsѝ 14.ѝSettingѝfireѝtoѝaѝwarehouseѝtoѝcollectѝinsuranceѝ 15.ѝBeatingѝupѝofѝaѝchildѝbyѝaѝparentѝ 16.ѝSellingѝpornoѝfilmsѝѝ 17.ѝOrganizingѝviolentѝprotestѝcampaignsѝonѝtheѝstreetsѝ 18.ѝEngagingѝinѝprostitutionѝ

Exercise 4 Debate these questions.

1.ѝHowѝdoesѝRamseyѝClarkѝclassifyѝcrimes?ѝ 2.ѝDoѝyouѝagreeѝwithѝthisѝclassification?ѝWhyѝorѝwhyѝnot?ѝ 3.ѝCouldѝyouѝaddѝsomeѝadditionalѝtypesѝofѝcrimesѝtoѝeachѝcategory?ѝ 4.ѝWhichѝcrimesѝprevailѝinѝcriminalѝstatisticsѝinѝyourѝcity?ѝ 5.ѝWhichѝcrimesѝareѝtheѝmostѝdifficultѝtoѝsolve?ѝ

Grammar: The -ing forms

функции -ing forms в предложении

Подлежащее	Reading is very use-	Чтение очень полезно.
	ful.
Часть сказуемого	He began reading.	Он начал читать.
Дополнение	I like reading.	Я люблю читать.
Определение	Here are my reading	Âîò ìîè î÷êè äëÿ ÷òå-
	glasses.	íèÿ.
Обстоятельство	He can answer this	Он может ответить на
	question without read-	этот вопрос, не читая
	ing the papers.	бумаг.

ѝ

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Вѝанглийскомѝязыкеѝсуществуетѝнесколькоѝграмматическихѝкатего- рий,ѝоканчивающихсяѝнаѝ-ing,ѝосновныеѝ—ѝэтоѝtheѝpresentѝparticipleѝ (причастиеѝ настоящегоѝ времени),ѝ theѝ gerundѝ (герундий),ѝ отглагольноеѝсуществительное.ѝ

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Russian.

1.TheѝBritishѝParliamentѝasѝcentralѝgovernmentѝisѝresponsibleѝforѝdecidingѝnationalѝpolicy.ѝ

2.Britishѝmagistratesѝareѝoftenѝwithoutѝlegalѝtraining.ѝ

3.Heѝmentionedѝaѝmagistrateѝcourtѝconsistingѝofѝ2—7ѝmagistrates.ѝ

4.ThereѝareѝfiveѝmainѝtypesѝofѝpoliceѝagenciesѝoperatingѝinѝtheѝUSA.ѝ

5.Criminalѝcasesѝareѝtriedѝbyѝaѝjudgeѝsittingѝwithѝaѝjury.ѝ

6.Aѝjuryѝhearsѝtheѝevidence,ѝtheѝspeechesѝofѝprosecutingѝandѝdefendingѝ counselѝandѝtheѝspeechѝofѝtheѝjudge.ѝ

Grammar: The gerund (герундий)

Герундийѝ—ѝнеличнаяѝформаѝглагола,ѝсочетающаяѝсвойстваѝгла- голаѝиѝсуществительного.ѝПодобнойѝформыѝвѝрусскомѝязыкеѝнет.ѝГерундийѝвыражаетѝназваниеѝдействия,ѝпоѝсвоимѝфункциямѝвѝпредложенииѝпохожѝнаѝинфититивѝилиѝнаѝсуществительноеѝ(вѝбольшейѝ степени).ѝ Можетѝ употреблятьсяѝ сѝ предлогами.ѝ Простныеѝ формыѝгерундияѝпереводятсяѝнаѝрусскийѝприѝпомощиѝотглаголь- ныхѝсуществительныхѝнаѝ-ение/-аниеѝилиѝприѝпомощиѝинфинити- ва:ѝ

Smokingѝisѝnotѝallowedѝhere.ѝѝ Курениеѝздесьѝзапрещено.ѝ Куритьѝздесьѝзапрещено.ѝ

Всеѝформыѝгерундияѝсовпадаютѝсѝформамиѝпричастияѝ(ParticipleѝI,ѝtheѝ PerfectѝParticiple).ѝОднакоѝпричастиеѝиѝгерундийѝотличаютсяѝдругѝотѝ другаѝпоѝзначениюѝиѝпоѝсинтаксическимѝфункциям.ѝ

*SeeѝGrammarѝreferenceѝ

ѝ	Activeѝ	Passiveѝ
Indefiniteѝ	committingѝ	beingѝcommittedѝ
Perfectѝ	havingѝcommittedѝ	havingѝbeenѝcommittedѝ

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Exercise 1 Find all the forms of the gerund in the texts above.

Exercise 2 Translate the following sentences pointing out the forms of the gerund.

1.Criminologyѝisѝaѝsocialѝscienceѝdealingѝwith,ѝamongѝtheѝotherѝthings,ѝ theѝnatureѝandѝcausesѝofѝcrime;ѝtheѝcharacteristicsѝofѝcriminals;ѝandѝ theѝproblemsѝofѝapprehendingѝandѝconvictingѝoffenders.ѝ

2.Theѝtypologicalѝmethodѝinvolvesѝclassifyingѝoffences,ѝcriminals,ѝorѝ criminalѝareasѝaccordingѝtoѝvariousѝcriteria.ѝ

3.Inѝpursuingѝitsѝobjectives,ѝcriminologyѝdrawsѝonѝfindingsѝofѝbiology,ѝ psychology,ѝpsychiatry,ѝsociology,ѝanthropologyѝandѝrelatedѝfields.ѝ

4.Theѝjuvenile'sѝhavingѝbeenѝaccusedѝofѝpettyѝoffencesѝisѝnotѝsurprising.ѝ

5.Theѝperpetratorѝgaveѝupѝtheѝideaѝofѝcommittingѝembezzlementѝwithoutѝbeingѝsuspected.ѝ

6.Theѝprivilegeѝofѝself-defenseѝisѝbasedѝonѝtheѝnecessityѝofѝgivingѝaѝmanѝ toѝtakeѝreasonableѝstepsѝtoѝdefendѝhimself.ѝ

Exercise 3 Insert appropriate prepositions before the gerunds where necessary.

1.ѝThievesѝusuallyѝavoidѝ___ѝmakingѝnoise.ѝ 2.ѝTheѝdetectiveѝputѝoffѝ___ѝexaminingѝtheѝcrimeѝscene.ѝ 3.ѝThisѝinvestigatorѝisѝgoodѝ___ѝsolvingѝmurders.ѝ 4.ѝTheѝpoliceѝofficerѝwasѝreportedѝ___ѝtheѝboys»ѝcommittingѝaѝburglary.ѝ 5.ѝThisѝcaseѝisѝworthѝ___ѝstudying.ѝ

6.ѝHeѝwasѝchargedѝ___ѝtrespassing.ѝ 7.ѝTheѝbarristerѝdidn'tѝobjectѝ___ѝadmittingѝtheѝevidence.ѝ 8.ѝWhoѝisѝresponsibleѝ___ѝinvestigatingѝtheѝfraud?ѝ

Exercise 4 Translate these sentences into English using the gerund.

1.Присутствующиеѝвѝзалеѝсудаѝрассмеялись.ѝ

2.Онѝполучилѝвозможностьѝосмотретьѝместоѝпреступления.ѝ

3.Следовательѝнастаивалѝнаѝпроведенииѝочнойѝставки.ѝ

4.Нетѝсмыслаѝискатьѝсвидетелейѝполитическогоѝубийства.ѝ

5.Онаѝненавидит,ѝкогдаѝейѝлгут.ѝ

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6.То,ѝчтоѝегоѝобвинилиѝвѝуклоненииѝотѝуплатыѝналогов,ѝшокировалоѝ нас.ѝ

Reading

Before you read, debate this question.

Whichѝ punishmentsѝ doѝ youѝ thinkѝ mightѝ beѝ usedѝ inѝ Russiaѝ forѝ drugѝ smuggling,ѝpickpocketing,ѝshopligting,ѝfraud,ѝhijacking?ѝ

Exercise 1 Read the text.

Crimeѝdegreesѝ

Crimesѝareѝclassifiedѝbyѝdegree.ѝDegreesѝrangeѝfromѝfirstѝtoѝfourthѝdegreeѝoffenses.ѝAѝFirstѝdegreeѝcrimeѝcarriesѝtheѝpotentialѝpenaltyѝofѝ10— 20ѝyearsѝinѝprison.ѝAѝSecondѝdegreeѝcrimeѝcarriesѝaѝpotentialѝpenaltyѝofѝ 5—10ѝyears.ѝDefendantsѝwhoѝareѝconvictedѝofѝfirstѝandѝsecondѝdegreeѝ crimesѝfaceѝaѝpresumptiveѝtermѝofѝincarceration.ѝItѝisѝassumedѝthatѝtheyѝ willѝbeѝsentencedѝtoѝserveѝtimeѝinѝprison.ѝAѝThirdѝdegreeѝcrimeѝmayѝre- sultѝinѝ3—5ѝyearsѝifѝconvicted,ѝwhileѝFourthѝdegreeѝcrimesѝcarryѝaѝpo- tentialѝpenaltyѝofѝupѝtoѝ18ѝmonthsѝinѝjail.ѝThereѝisѝaѝpresumptionѝofѝ non-custodialѝsentencesѝonѝ3rdѝandѝ4thѝdegreeѝoffensesѝ

Exercise 2 Match these terms and their definitions:

1.ѝpenaltyѝѝ	a)ѝbasedѝonѝreasonableѝbeliefѝ
2.ѝdefendantѝ	b)ѝaѝpunishmentѝforѝbreakingѝaѝlawѝ
3.ѝpresumptiveѝѝ	c)ѝaѝprisonѝ
4.ѝincarcerationѝѝ	d)ѝaѝpersonѝaccusedѝinѝaѝlegalѝcaseѝ
5.ѝsentenceѝѝ	e)ѝputtingѝsbѝinѝprisonѝ
6.ѝnon-custodialѝ f)ѝtheѝpunishmentѝgivenѝbyѝaѝlawѝcourtѝѝ
7.ѝjailѝ	g)ѝnotѝinvolvingѝtheѝstateѝofѝbeingѝinѝprisonѝwhileѝ
	awaitingѝtrial.ѝѝ

Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.

1.Degreesѝrangeѝfromѝѝ ______________________________.ѝ

2.Theѝpotentialѝpenaltyѝforѝfirstѝdegreeѝcrimesѝ ѝ____________.ѝ

3.Secondѝdegreeѝcrimeѝcarriesѝaѝpotentialѝpenaltyѝѝ __________.ѝ

4.Thoseѝconvictedѝofѝfirstѝandѝsecondѝdegreeѝcrimesѝfaceѝѝ_____.ѝ

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