Exercise 8 Answer the questions.

1.Whatѝisѝtheѝprincipleѝfunctionѝofѝcourts?ѝ

2.Whatѝisѝtheѝpurposeѝofѝtheѝcorrectionalѝsystem?ѝ

3.Whichѝthreeѝcomponentsѝestablishѝtheѝsystemѝofѝcriminalѝjustice?ѝ

4.Whatѝlegalѝdocumentsѝdefineѝtheѝbasicѝrulesѝforѝtheѝcriminalѝjusticeѝsystem?ѝ

5.Whoѝworksѝinѝtheѝsystem?ѝѝ

Exercise 9 Complete these sentences choosing appropriate words from the box.

defendantѝ	grandѝjuryѝ	warrantsѝ	convictedѝ	aѝjuryѝtrialѝ
rightѝtoѝcounselѝ	arraignmentѝ	pettyѝdisorderlyѝ	notѝguiltyѝ	indictmentѝ

Criminal Justice Process

1.Theѝaccused,ѝorѝ_________ѝisѝchargedѝwithѝanѝoffenseѝasѝaѝresultѝofѝaѝ formalѝcomplaintѝissuedѝbyѝaѝlawѝenforcementѝagentѝorѝaѝcitizen.ѝѝ

2.Aѝpanelѝofѝcitizensѝgatheredѝtoѝconsiderѝevidence,ѝcalledѝaѝ_________.ѝ

3.Arrestsѝcanѝoccurѝatѝtheѝsceneѝofѝaѝcrimeѝorѝbasedѝonѝ__________.ѝ

4.Defendantsѝcanѝbeѝfoundѝguilty,ѝorѝ_______________ѝofѝcrimes.ѝ

5.________________ѝconvictionsѝmayѝrenderѝupѝtoѝ30ѝdaysѝinѝjail.ѝ

6.Atѝtheirѝfirstѝappearanceѝdefendantsѝareѝadvisedѝofѝtheirѝ________.ѝ

7.Theѝprosecutorѝwillѝpresentѝtheѝcaseѝtoѝaѝgrandѝjuryѝforѝanѝ________.ѝ

8.Aѝformalѝ______________ѝoccursѝnoѝlaterѝthanѝ50ѝdaysѝafterѝanѝindictment.ѝ Defendantsѝmustѝ appearѝ andѝ faceѝ formalѝnotificationѝofѝ theirѝcharges.ѝ

9.Defendantsѝwhoѝhaveѝpleadedѝ_______ѝatѝthisѝpointѝmayѝcontinueѝ preparationѝforѝtrial.ѝ

10.Defendantsѝhaveѝaѝconstitutionalѝrightѝtoѝ_____________,ѝbutѝmayѝ optѝtoѝforegoѝthisѝrightѝinѝfavorѝofѝaѝtrialѝbyѝaѝjudgeѝinѝtheѝLawѝDivisionѝofѝSuperiorѝCourt,ѝCriminalѝPart.ѝ

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Exercise 10 Insert appropriate articles wherever necessary and translate the sentences.

1.Witnessesѝareѝbroughtѝtoѝ___ѝcourtѝonѝ___ѝinitiativeѝofѝ___ѝparties.ѝ

2.Whenѝ___ѝcaseѝstarts,ѝ___ѝwitnessesѝleaveѝ___ѝcourtroom.ѝ

3.___ѝwitnessesѝareѝcalledѝbackѝbyѝ___ѝbarristers.ѝ

4.Afterѝgivingѝevidenceѝ___ѝwitnessѝmustѝnotѝleaveѝ___ѝcourt.ѝ

5.Evidenceѝisѝgivenѝinѝ___ѝwitnessѝbox.ѝ

6.___ѝwitnessѝboxѝisѝalsoѝcalledѝ___ѝdock.ѝ

7.Inѝ___ѝEnglishѝandѝAmericanѝcourtsѝ___ѝwitnessѝmustѝswearѝ___ѝ oathѝwithѝhisѝhandѝonѝtheѝBible.ѝ

Reading

Before you read, answer these questions.

1.ѝDoѝyouѝknowѝwhatѝbailѝis?ѝHowѝmuchѝcanѝitѝbe?ѝ 2.ѝHasѝtheѝRussianѝFederationѝgotѝtheѝpracticeѝofѝreleasingѝcriminalsѝonѝbail?ѝѝ

Exercise 1 Read the text.

Bailѝisѝtypicallyѝcashѝorѝsecuritiesѝorѝrealѝpropertyѝthatѝisѝtemporarilyѝ placedѝinѝtheѝpossessionѝofѝtheѝcourtѝ(orѝotherѝentityѝgrantingѝbail)ѝasѝaѝ guaranteeѝthatѝtheѝsuspectѝorѝaccusedѝwillѝappearѝinѝcourtѝasѝorderedѝforѝ theѝdurationѝofѝaѝcase.ѝTheѝassetsѝareѝsubjectѝtoѝforfeitureѝifѝtheѝsuspectѝ orѝaccusedѝabsconds.ѝBailѝisѝtypicallyѝpostedѝeitherѝbyѝtheѝsuspectѝorѝ accusedѝorѝaѝfamilyѝmember,ѝthoughѝthisѝisѝnotѝnecessarilyѝaѝrequirement.ѝ

Theѝbasisѝforѝtheѝsettingѝofѝbail:ѝ

(a)ѝ thereѝ isѝ aѝ reasonableѝ suspicionѝ thatѝ heѝ orѝ sheѝ hasѝ committedѝ aѝ criminalѝoffence;ѝ

(b)ѝtheѝonlyѝbasisѝforѝtheѝdetentionѝofѝtheѝpersonѝisѝaѝfearѝthatѝtheѝpersonѝ mayѝflee;ѝandѝ

(c)ѝtheѝpersonѝhasѝpromisedѝthatѝheѝorѝsheѝwillѝnotѝgoѝintoѝhidingѝorѝ leaveѝhisѝorѝherѝplaceѝofѝcurrentѝresidenceѝwithoutѝpermission.ѝ

Possibleѝotherѝalternativesѝincludeѝreleasingѝanѝaccusedѝperson,ѝfollowingѝtheѝimpositionѝofѝcertainѝrestrictiveѝmeasuresѝbyѝtheѝcompetentѝauthorityѝ(e.g.ѝprosecutorѝorѝjudge).ѝTheѝmeasuresѝsuggestedѝinclude:ѝ

ѝ

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(a)ѝhouseѝdetentionѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝorѝtheѝaccused,ѝaloneѝorѝunderѝtheѝ custodyѝofѝanotherѝperson;ѝ

(b)ѝtheѝsubmissionѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝorѝheѝaccusedѝtoѝtheѝcareѝorѝsupervisionѝofѝaѝpersonѝorѝanѝinstitution;ѝ

(c)ѝaѝregimeѝofѝperiodicalѝvisitsѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝtoѝanѝagencyѝorѝauthorityѝ designatedѝbyѝtheѝcompetentѝjudge;ѝ

(d)ѝtheѝprohibitionѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝfromѝleavingѝaѝparticularѝareaѝdesignatedѝbyѝtheѝcompetentѝjudge;ѝ

(e)ѝtheѝprohibitionѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝfromѝappearingѝatѝidentifiedѝplacesѝorѝ meetingѝaѝnamedѝindividualѝ(s);ѝ

(f)ѝtheѝconfiscationѝofѝtheѝpassportѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝorѝtheѝaccused;ѝorѝ

(g)ѝtheѝprohibitionѝofѝtheѝsuspectѝfromѝstayingѝinѝtheѝfamilyѝhome,ѝifѝtheѝ personѝisѝsuspectedѝofѝdomesticѝviolenceѝѝ

Vocabulary

securitiesѝ	ценныеѝбумагиѝ
cashѝ	наличныеѝѝ
realѝpropertyѝѝ	недвижимостьѝѝ

entityѝgrantingѝbailѝѝ орган,ѝотпускающийѝподѝзалогѝ subjectѝtoѝforfeitureѝ подлежитѝконфискацииѝ

toѝsetѝbailѝ	установитьѝзалогѝ
toѝabscondѝ	бежать,ѝскрыватьсяѝ
toѝfleeѝ	бежатьѝ
houseѝdetentionѝ	домашнийѝарестѝ
designatedѝѝ	уполномоченныйѝ

Exercise 2 Complete these sentences.

1.ѝBailѝisѝtypicallyѝ ________________________________________.ѝ 2.ѝCashѝorѝsecuritiesѝorѝrealѝpropertyѝisѝtemporarilyѝ _______________.ѝ 3.ѝBailѝisѝaѝguaranteeѝthatѝ __________________________________.ѝ 4.ѝBailѝisѝtypicallyѝpostedѝeitherѝbyѝ____________________________.ѝ 5.ѝTheѝbasesѝforѝtheѝsettingѝofѝbailѝareѝ__________________________.ѝ 6.ѝTheѝonlyѝbasisѝforѝtheѝdetentionѝofѝtheѝpersonѝisѝ________________.ѝ 7.ѝPossibleѝotherѝalternativesѝtoѝtheѝdetentionѝincludeѝ _____________.ѝ

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Exercise 3 Debate the following questions.

a)ѝWhatѝtypesѝofѝalternativeѝmeasuresѝareѝavailableѝinѝtheѝpenalѝcodeѝatѝ pre-trialѝstage?ѝ

b)ѝWhatѝprovisionsѝgovernѝtheѝgrantingѝofѝbail?ѝIsѝtheѝexerciseѝofѝbailѝ fromѝtheѝcourtsѝofѝfirstѝinstanceѝrestrictedѝorѝpresumptive?ѝForѝwhatѝ typesѝofѝcrimes?ѝInѝpractice,ѝwhatѝareѝtheѝmostѝcommonѝconditionsѝ forѝgrantingѝbailѝbyѝtheѝcourt?ѝ

c)ѝWhatѝisѝtheѝmostѝcommonѝmeasureѝinѝtheѝcourtsѝofѝfirstѝinstance?ѝ Areѝtheѝaccusedѝreleasedѝonѝbail?ѝDischarged?ѝDivertedѝtoѝaѝrestorativeѝjusticeѝprocess?ѝ

d)ѝWhatѝstepsѝareѝbeingѝtakenѝtoѝtrainѝtheѝlowerѝjudiciaryѝonѝtheѝapplicationѝofѝbail?ѝ

e)ѝAreѝrestorativeѝjusticeѝstrategiesѝrecognizedѝbyѝtheѝcourts/legalѝestablishment?ѝ

f)ѝCanѝcourtsѝreferѝorѝdivertѝcasesѝoutѝofѝtheѝcriminalѝjusticeѝsystemѝforѝ settlementѝotherѝthanѝbyѝadjudication?ѝ

g)ѝWhatѝstepsѝareѝbeingѝtakenѝtoѝenableѝtheѝtrialѝjudgeѝtoѝdivertѝtheѝcaseѝ atѝanyѝstageѝofѝtheѝtrialѝproceedingsѝpriorѝtoѝanѝadjudication,ѝinѝfavourѝof:ѝ

1.ѝaѝmediatedѝagreementѝ

2.ѝanѝarbitratedѝsettlementѝ

3.ѝcommunityѝserviceѝorderѝ

4.ѝfamilyѝgroupѝconferencingѝ

5.ѝanotherѝrestorativeѝprocessѝ

Exercise 4 Replace the underlined words and phrases with the alternative words and phrases from the texts above. Pay attention to the grammatical context. There is more than one possibility for one of the answers.

a.ѝBailѝmayѝbeѝrefusedѝandѝtheѝdefendantѝmayѝbeѝheldѝinѝpoliceѝcustody.ѝ

b.ѝAlternatively,ѝtheѝdefendantѝmayѝbeѝfoundѝnotѝguiltyѝbyѝtheѝcourtѝandѝ discharged.ѝ

с.ѝOnceѝproceedingsѝhaveѝbeenѝinitiated,ѝtheѝdefendantѝcomesѝbeforeѝ theѝcourt.ѝ

d.ѝTheѝpoliceѝformallyѝaccuseѝtheѝsuspectѝinѝtheѝpoliceѝstation.ѝ

e.ѝIfѝtheѝoffenderѝpleadsѝguiltyѝinѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourt,ѝtheѝcourtѝimposesѝaѝpunishment.ѝ

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f.ѝTheѝpoliceѝinvestigateѝaѝseriousѝoffenceѝandѝarrestѝaѝsuspect.ѝ g.ѝTheѝsuspectѝmayѝaskѝforѝreleaseѝfromѝcustodyѝbeforeѝtheѝtrial.ѝ

Exercise 5 Put the sentences in Exercise 4 into the correct order chronologically. The first stage is f.

Grammar revision

Exercise 1 Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to the - ing forms, state if they are gerunds, participles or verbal nouns.

1.Theѝprincipleѝtaskѝpfѝpoliceѝworkѝisѝprotectingѝsocietyѝagainstѝcrime.ѝ

2.Whileѝprotectingѝaѝcrimeѝscene,ѝaѝpoliceѝofficerѝshouldѝrememberѝthatѝ nothingѝmustѝbeѝtouchedѝorѝmoved.ѝ

3.Thereѝisѝnoѝuseѝchangingѝyourѝtestimonyѝafterѝtheѝconfrontation.ѝ

4.Accordingѝ toѝ someѝ criminologists,ѝ weatherѝ andѝ changingѝ seasonsѝ bringѝwithѝtheѝdifferencesѝinѝcrimesѝcommitted.ѝ

5.Aѝ defendantѝ mayѝ preferѝ hearingѝ hisѝ caseѝ byѝ aѝ juryѝ inѝ theѝ Crownѝ Court.ѝѝ

6.Whenѝhearingѝaѝcase,ѝaѝgrandѝjuryѝisѝtoѝdecideѝquestionsѝofѝfact.ѝ

7.Thisѝviolentѝmurderѝcaseѝisѝpassingѝtheѝsecondѝhearing.ѝ

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences paying attention to the modals with the perfect infinitive.

1.Оперативникамѝследовалоѝбыѝтщательнейѝохранятьѝместоѝпреступления.ѝ

2.Неѝ можетѝ быть,ѝ чтобыѝ местоѝ пребыванияѝ беглецаѝ былоѝ установленоѝвѝтотѝжеѝденьѝ

3.Должноѝбыть,ѝподсудимыйѝбылѝпризнанѝвиновнымѝиѝосужденѝ условно.ѝ

4.Судьеѝследовалоѝбыѝустановитьѝболееѝвысокийѝзалог.ѝ

5.Вероятно,ѝобвиняемыйѝскрылся,ѝтакѝкакѝегоѝимуществоѝконфискованоѝ

6.Врядѝлиѝсвидетельѝизменилѝпоказания.ѝ

7.Неѝможетѝбыть,ѝчтоѝегоѝпоместилиѝподѝдомашнийѝарест.ѝ

8.Судьяѝпосчиталѝпозднее,ѝчтоѝнеѝбылоѝнеобходимостиѝсодержатьѝ подросткаѝподѝстражейѝдоѝсуда..ѝ

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Exercise 3 Insert appropriate words to make definitions.
Aѝpersonѝwho…ѝ
-ѝconductsѝaѝtrialѝandѝpassesѝtheѝsentenceѝѝ
-ѝhasѝaѝfirst-handѝknowledgeѝofѝtheѝeventѝandѝgivesѝevidenceѝ
underѝ
oathsѝinѝcourtѝ
-ѝbringsѝaѝsuitѝagainstѝanotherѝpersonѝ
-ѝinѝcooperationѝwithѝotherѝpersonsѝisѝtoѝdecideѝtheѝtruthѝ	isѝcalledѝa…ѝ
ofѝtheѝcaseѝtriedѝbeforeѝtheѝjudgeѝ
-ѝhelpsѝinѝaѝcrimeѝorѝwhoѝkeepsѝaѝcrimeѝsecretѝ
-ѝactsѝforѝtheѝstateѝinѝprosecutingѝcriminalsѝ
-ѝisѝappointedѝtoѝtryѝsmallѝoffencesѝinѝBritainѝbreaksѝlawsѝ
-ѝsuffersѝfromѝanѝoffenceѝ
-ѝisѝbelievedѝorѝsuspectedѝofѝcommittingѝaѝcrimeѝandѝbroughtѝ
beforeѝtheѝcourtѝ
-ѝsuffersѝfromѝanѝoffenceѝ

Exercise 4 Choose the correct variant to complete these sentences.

1.ѝTheѝmomentѝtheѝmurdererѝsawѝtheѝjuryѝheѝunderstoodѝheѝwouldѝbe…ѝ a)ѝsuspected;ѝb)ѝsnatched;ѝc)ѝexecuted;ѝd)ѝpuzzledѝ

2.ѝTheѝdefendantѝwasѝfoundѝinnocentѝand....ѝ a)ѝqualified;ѝb)ѝreleased;ѝc)ѝexecuted;ѝd)ѝsavedѝ

3.ѝTheѝdefenseѝcounselѝhadѝno...ѝtoѝquestioningѝtheѝwitness.ѝ a)ѝperjury;ѝb)ѝtruth;ѝc)ѝalibi;ѝd)ѝobjectionѝ

4.ѝTheѝcriminal's...ѝmanagedѝtoѝescape.ѝ a)ѝsuspect;ѝb)ѝwitness;ѝc)ѝsolicitor;ѝd)ѝaccompliceѝ

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Role play: Hearing a case of shoplifting

Beforeѝyouѝplay:

1.ѝLookѝatѝtheѝpictureѝofѝaѝtrial.ѝMatchѝtheѝwordsѝwithѝtheѝnumbersѝonѝ theѝpicture.ѝ

a)ѝjudgeѝ	e)ѝwitnessѝ
b)ѝjuryѝ	f)ѝpoliceѝofficerѝ
c)ѝtheѝaccusedѝ	g)ѝwitnessѝboxѝ
d)ѝdefendingѝcounselѝ

2.ѝInsertѝappropriateѝprepositions.ѝ confessedѝ_____ѝ ѝ wasѝaccusedѝ_____ѝ ѝ wasѝchargedѝ_____ѝ ѝ wasѝconvictedѝ_____ѝ shopliftingѝ

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wasѝfoundѝguiltyѝ____ѝ ѝ wasѝsentencedѝ_____ѝ ѝ wasѝbookedѝ____ѝ ѝ wasѝarrestedѝ___ѝ ѝ wasѝsuspectedѝ____ѝ ѝ

Read the following information and role — play the trial.

1.ѝTheѝaccused,ѝaѝ35-yearѝoldѝsingleѝwomanѝ(man),ѝwentѝshoppingѝtoѝaѝ departmentѝstoreѝandѝallegedlyѝtookѝaѝmobileѝwithoutѝpaying.ѝSheѝ/heѝisѝ chargedѝwithѝshoplifting.ѝ

2.ѝChooseѝyourѝroleѝandѝthinkѝofѝwhatѝyouѝareѝgoingѝtoѝsayѝandѝdo:ѝ

theѝjudgeѝ

theѝdefendingѝcounselѝ

theѝprosecutingѝcounselѝ

theѝaccusedѝ

theѝdepartmentѝstoreѝdetective.ѝ

theѝwitnessѝ

theѝjuryѝ(12ѝpeople):ѝitѝisѝyourѝjobѝtoѝlistenѝtoѝtheѝevidenceѝandѝ decideѝwhetherѝtheѝaccusedѝisѝguiltyѝorѝnot.ѝ

Whatѝisѝtheѝprocedureѝofѝaѝtrial?ѝWhoseѝturnѝwillѝbeѝtheѝfirstѝtoѝspeak?ѝ Decideѝaboutѝtheѝorderѝofѝyourѝspeeches.ѝ

Theѝjudgeѝhasѝtoѝmakeѝsureѝtheѝtrialѝrunsѝsmoothlyѝandѝfairly.ѝWhenѝallѝ theѝevidenceѝhasѝbeenѝheardѝtheѝjudgeѝwillѝaskѝtheѝjuryѝtoѝdecideѝifѝtheѝ accusedѝisѝguiltyѝorѝnot.ѝInѝtheѝendѝtheѝjudgeѝwillѝhaveѝtoѝpassѝaѝsentenceѝ orѝmakeѝtheѝaccusedѝfree.ѝ

Theѝaccusedѝwillѝsayѝthatѝshe/heѝdidn'tѝrealizeѝthatѝtheѝmobileѝwasѝstolenѝonѝpurpose;ѝshe/heѝwillѝinsistѝthatѝisѝwasѝbyѝchance.ѝ

Over to you

Read the following information.

Theѝstatementѝ«ignoranceѝofѝtheѝlawѝisѝnoѝexcuse»ѝisѝanѝancientѝlegalѝ doctrine:ѝIgnoranceѝofѝtheѝlawѝexcusesѝnoѝman;ѝnotѝthatѝallѝmenѝknowѝ theѝlaw;ѝbutѝbecauseѝthisѝisѝanѝexcuseѝeveryѝmanѝwillѝplead,ѝandѝnoѝmanѝ canѝtellѝhowѝtoѝconfuteѝhim.ѝѝ

Ifѝaѝdefendantѝwereѝallowedѝtoѝescapeѝlegalѝresponsibilityѝforѝhisѝacts,ѝ merelyѝbyѝsayingѝ«Iѝdidn'tѝknowѝitѝwasѝwrong/illegal»,ѝtheѝsystemѝofѝusingѝlawѝtoѝregulateѝhumanѝconductѝwouldѝcollapse.ѝSoѝtheѝdoctrineѝisѝaѝ practicalѝnecessity.ѝ

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