2.ѝ	Itѝwasѝ	onlyѝyesterdayѝѝ	thatѝ
ѝ	ѝ	notѝuntilѝlastѝnightѝ	ѝ

ѝѝ earlyѝinѝtheѝmorn- ѝ ingѝ

ѝ	ѝ	inѝaѝtaxi-cabѝ	ѝ
ѝ	ѝ	onѝboardѝtheѝshipѝ	ѝ
ѝ	ѝ	ѝ	ѝ

weѝheardѝofѝtheѝsentence.ѝ theѝaccusedѝwasѝseized.ѝ heѝrealizedѝwhatѝheѝhadѝdone.ѝ

theѝjuryѝcameѝtoѝaѝunanimousѝverdict.ѝ

sheѝrememberedѝwhereѝsheѝhadѝseenѝtheѝ man.ѝ

theѝsmugglerѝtriedѝtoѝhideѝhimself.ѝ

Exercise 2 Put these words in the correct order. The first word is written with a capital letter.

1.ѝthatѝIѝbeganѝ/ѝonlyѝthenѝ/ѝtoѝsuspectѝ/ѝItѝ/ѝsomethingѝ/ѝwas.ѝ 2.ѝyouѝ/ѝdoѝ/ѝisѝ/ѝshouldѝ/ѝtoѝtellѝherѝ/ѝWhatѝ/ѝtheѝtruth.ѝ 3.ѝstartedѝ/ѝtheѝdemonstrationѝ/ѝItѝ/ѝwhoѝ/ѝtheѝtroubleѝ/ѝwasn'tѝ 4.ѝonlyѝ/ѝItѝ/ѝlastѝweek/ѝthatѝ/ѝwasѝ/ѝtheѝjudgeѝfinallyѝ/ѝpassѝaѝverdictѝ

Reading

Exercise 1 Read and translate these sentences paying attention to the forms of the gerund.

Capital punishment

1.ѝ Criminalsѝ areѝ sentencedѝ toѝ deathѝ forѝ committingѝ seriousѝ crimes,ѝ rangingѝfromѝmurderѝtoѝhighѝtreason.ѝ

2.ѝCapitalѝpunishmentѝ(death)ѝisѝcarriedѝoutѝbyѝhangingѝ(Kenya);ѝelectrocution,ѝgassingѝorѝlethalѝinjectionѝ(US),ѝbeheadingѝorѝstoningѝ(Saudiѝ Arabia);ѝorѝshootingѝ(China).ѝ

3.ѝSupportersѝofѝtheѝultimateѝpenaltyѝbelieveѝthatѝitѝdeterѝothersѝfromѝ committingѝmurders.ѝ

4.ѝInѝspiteѝofѝ35ѝcountries»ѝhavingѝabolishedѝit,ѝmostѝcountriesѝstillѝhaveѝ aѝdeathѝpenalty.ѝ

5.ѝCapitalѝpunishmentѝinvolvesѝnotѝonlyѝtheѝpainѝofѝdying,ѝbutѝalsoѝtheѝ mentalѝanguishѝofѝwaitingѝforѝtheѝsentenceѝtoѝbeѝcarriedѝout.ѝ

6.ѝOpponentsѝalsoѝargueѝthatѝinѝcaseѝofѝaѝmistakeѝhavingѝbeenѝmade,ѝitѝ isѝtooѝlateѝtoѝchangeѝanything.ѝ

7.ѝSomeѝpeopleѝlivedѝunderѝsentenceѝofѝdeathѝforѝmanyѝyearsѝbeforeѝ obtainingѝaѝretrialѝandѝbeingѝfoundѝnotѝguilty.ѝ

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Vocabulary

toѝsentenceѝtoѝdeathѝ	приговоритьѝкѝсмертиѝ
toѝcarryѝoutѝaѝpunishmentѝ	исполнитьѝприговорѝ
beheadingѝѝ	отрубаниеѝголовыѝ
stoningѝ	забрасываниеѝкамнямиѝ
toѝdeterѝsbѝfromѝ	отвратитьѝотѝ
toѝabolishѝ	отменитьѝ
mentalѝanguishѝ	моральныеѝстраданияѝ
toѝobtainѝaѝretrialѝ	добитьсяѝпересмотраѝделаѝ

Exercise 2 Which of these punishments exist in your country? Discuss this in your group.

Read the following information.

1.ѝ Convictedѝ ofѝ treason,ѝ Queenѝ ofѝ Franceѝ Marieѝ Antoinette'sѝ finalѝ wordsѝ beforeѝ beingѝ executedѝbyѝguillotineѝwereѝspokenѝtoѝtheѝexe- cutionerѝafterѝsheѝsteppedѝonѝhisѝfootѝ—ѝѝ

«Monsieur,ѝIѝbegѝyourѝpardon.ѝ»ѝ

MarieѝAntoinetteѝwasѝtheѝQueenѝofѝFranceѝduringѝ theѝ Frenchѝ Revolution.ѝ Sheѝ wasѝ dislikedѝ becauseѝofѝherѝAustrianѝancestryѝandѝbecauseѝofѝ herѝarroganceѝandѝextravaganceѝduringѝaѝtimeѝ whenѝpeasantsѝwereѝstarving.ѝSheѝandѝherѝhusbandѝKingѝLouisѝXVIѝwereѝchargedѝwithѝtrea-

ѝ sonѝandѝsentencedѝtoѝdieѝbyѝbeheading.ѝ

2.ѝ Convictedѝ murdererѝ Barbaraѝ Graham'sѝ finalѝwordsѝbeforeѝbeingѝexecutedѝinѝtheѝgasѝ chamberѝwereѝ—ѝѝ

«Goodѝpeopleѝareѝalwaysѝsoѝsureѝthey’reѝright.ѝ»ѝ

BarbaraѝGrahamѝwasѝaѝprostitute,ѝdrugѝaddictѝ andѝ aѝ murderess,ѝ executedѝ inѝ 1955.ѝ Grahamѝ beatѝ anѝ elderlyѝ womanѝ toѝ deathѝ whenѝaѝrobberyѝwentѝbad.ѝѝ

Whenѝsheѝwasѝstrappedѝintoѝtheѝgasѝchamberѝ byѝtheѝmanѝinѝchargeѝofѝherѝexecution,ѝheѝ ѝ toldѝ her,ѝ «Nowѝ takeѝ aѝ deepѝ breathѝ andѝ itѝ won'tѝbotherѝyou»,ѝtoѝwhichѝsheѝresponded,ѝ

«Howѝwouldѝyouѝknow?ѝ»ѝ

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3.ѝConvictedѝserialѝkillerѝTedѝBundy'sѝfinalѝ wordsѝbeforeѝbeingѝexecutedѝinѝtheѝelectricѝ chairѝ1989ѝwereѝ—ѝѝ

«I'dѝlikeѝyouѝtoѝgiveѝmyѝloveѝtoѝmyѝfamilyѝandѝ friends.ѝ»ѝ

SerialѝkillerѝTheodoreѝRobertѝBundyѝkilledѝaѝ confessed,ѝ30ѝwomen,ѝduringѝ1974ѝthroughѝ 1979.ѝ Hisѝ totalѝ numberѝ ofѝ victimsѝ isѝ un-

ѝknownѝandѝisѝestimatedѝtoѝrunѝaboveѝ100.ѝѝ

4.ѝConvictedѝmurdererѝAileenѝWuornosѝfinalѝ wordsѝbeforeѝbeingѝexecutedѝbyѝlethalѝinjectionѝinѝ2002ѝinѝFlorida,ѝwereѝѝ

«I'dѝjustѝlikeѝtoѝsayѝI'mѝsailingѝwithѝtheѝrock,ѝ andѝI'llѝbeѝbackѝlikeѝIndependenceѝDay,ѝwithѝ JesusѝJuneѝ6.ѝLikeѝtheѝmovie,ѝbigѝmotherѝshipѝ andѝall,ѝI'llѝbeѝback.ѝ»ѝ

AileenѝWuornousѝshot,ѝkilledѝandѝrobbedѝatѝ leastѝ sixѝ men.ѝ Inѝ Januaryѝ ofѝ 1991ѝ sheѝ wasѝ arrestedѝandѝtriedѝandѝreceivedѝaѝtotalѝofѝsixѝ

ѝdeathѝ sentences.ѝ Sheѝ firedѝ herѝ attorney,ѝ droppedѝallѝappealsѝandѝaskedѝthatѝherѝexecutionѝtakeѝplaceѝasѝsoonѝasѝpossible.ѝ

5.ѝ Convictedѝ criminal/terroristѝ Timothyѝ McVeighѝ hadѝ noѝ finalѝ wordsѝ beforeѝ beingѝ executedѝbyѝlethalѝinjectionѝinѝ2001ѝinѝIndiana.ѝMcVeighѝleftѝaѝhandwrittenѝstatementѝ quotingѝ aѝ poemѝ byѝ Britishѝ poetѝ Williamѝ ErnestѝHenley:ѝ

«Iѝamѝtheѝmasterѝofѝmyѝfate:ѝIѝamѝtheѝcaptainѝ ofѝmyѝsoul.ѝ»ѝ

Timothyѝ McVeighѝ isѝ bestѝ knownѝ asѝ theѝ

ѝOklahomaѝCityѝbomber.ѝѝ

Heѝ wasѝ convictedѝ ofѝ settingѝ theѝ bombѝ whichѝ killedѝ 149ѝadultsѝ andѝ 19ѝchildrenѝatѝtheѝfederalѝbuildingѝinѝOklahomaѝCityѝonѝAprilѝ19,ѝ1995.ѝ McVeighѝadmittedѝtoѝinvestigatorsѝafterѝhisѝcapture,ѝthatѝheѝwasѝangryѝatѝ theѝfederalѝgovernmentѝforѝtheѝwayѝtheyѝtreatedѝwhiteѝseparatistѝRandyѝ WeaverѝatѝRubyѝRidgeѝinѝ1992ѝandѝwithѝDavidѝKoreshѝandѝtheѝBranchѝ Davidiansѝinѝ1993.ѝ

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Over to you

Do you agree with the following statement of Jesse Jackson (b.1941), a US Civil rights activist?

«Capitalѝpunishmentѝturnsѝtheѝstateѝintoѝaѝmurderer.ѝButѝimprison- mentѝturnsѝtheѝstateѝintoѝaѝgayѝdungeon-master»ѝ

Debate the statement in your group. Give the necessary arguments to support your point of view.

Reading

Exercise 1 Read and translate the following text using a dictionary. Give a title to the text.

Retribution

Criminalsѝoughtѝtoѝsufferѝinѝsomeѝway.ѝThisѝisѝtheѝmostѝwidelyѝseenѝ goal.ѝCriminalsѝhaveѝtakenѝimproperѝadvantage,ѝorѝinflictedѝunfairѝdetriment,ѝuponѝothersѝandѝconsequently,ѝtheѝcriminalѝlawѝwillѝputѝcriminalsѝatѝsomeѝunpleasantѝdisadvantageѝtoѝ«balanceѝtheѝscales».ѝPeopleѝ submitѝtoѝtheѝlawѝtoѝreceiveѝtheѝrightѝnotѝtoѝbeѝmurderedѝandѝifѝpeopleѝ contraveneѝtheseѝlaws,ѝtheyѝsurrenderѝtheѝrightsѝgrantedѝtoѝthemѝbyѝtheѝ law.ѝThus,ѝoneѝwhoѝmurdersѝmayѝbeѝmurderedѝhimself.ѝAѝrelatedѝtheoryѝ includesѝtheѝideaѝofѝ«rightingѝtheѝbalance».ѝ

Deterrence

Individualѝdeterrenceѝisѝaimedѝtowardѝtheѝspecificѝoffender.ѝTheѝaimѝisѝ toѝimposeѝaѝsufficientѝpenaltyѝtoѝdiscourageѝtheѝoffenderѝfromѝcriminalѝ behavior.ѝ Generalѝ deterrenceѝ aimsѝ atѝsocietyѝ atѝ large.ѝ Byѝ imposingѝ aѝ penaltyѝonѝthoseѝwhoѝcommitѝoffenses,ѝotherѝindividualsѝareѝdiscouragedѝfromѝcommittingѝthoseѝoffenses.ѝѝ

Incapacitation

Designedѝsimplyѝtoѝkeepѝcriminalsѝawayѝfromѝsocietyѝsoѝthatѝtheѝpublicѝ isѝ protectedѝ fromѝ theirѝ misconduct.ѝ Thisѝ isѝ oftenѝ achievedѝ throughѝ prisonѝsentencesѝtoday.ѝTheѝdeathѝpenaltyѝorѝbanishmentѝhasѝservedѝtheѝ sameѝpurpose.ѝѝ

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