Lower courts in the USA

Theѝlowestѝcourtsѝinѝtheѝfederalѝsystemѝareѝtheѝ__________ѝwithѝaboutѝ twoѝhundredѝdistrictѝjudges.ѝTheseѝcourtsѝhandleѝbothѝ_____________.ѝ ByѝtheѝConstitutionѝtheyѝareѝrequiredѝtoѝgiveѝaѝjuryѝtrialѝinѝallѝexceptѝ civilѝcasesѝinvolvingѝlessѝthanѝtwentyѝdollars.ѝ

Theѝdistrictѝcourtsѝhaveѝoriginalѝjurisdictionѝinѝallѝcases.ѝCriminalѝcasesѝ areѝtriedѝbyѝ___________ѝsittingѝwithѝ___________ѝwhoseѝdutyѝisѝtoѝ hearѝ theѝ evidence,ѝ theѝ speechesѝ ofѝ ___________ѝ andѝ defendingѝ

__________ѝandѝtheѝspeechѝofѝ___________.ѝ

Thenѝtheѝjuryѝmustѝreachѝaѝunanimousѝ________ѝasѝtoѝwhetherѝtheѝaccusedѝisѝ_________ѝorѝnotѝofѝtheѝcrimeѝheѝis_________.ѝ_________ѝ mustѝconsistѝofѝtwelveѝpersons.ѝ

EachѝstateѝofѝtheѝUSAѝhasѝatѝleastѝoneѝdistrictѝcourt.ѝAndѝeachѝcourtѝhasѝ fromѝoneѝtoѝtwentyѝfourѝjudges.ѝ

Besides,ѝ allѝ theѝ statesѝ haveѝ theirѝ ownѝ courts,ѝ includingѝ aѝ Supremeѝ Court,ѝsuperiorѝcourtsѝandѝlocalѝcourts.ѝInѝmostѝstatesѝtheѝlowestѝcourtsѝ areѝtheѝmagistratesѝorѝpoliceѝcourts.ѝ

___________ѝorѝtheѝpoliceѝcourtѝjudgeѝcanѝsendѝaѝdrunkѝtoѝjailѝforѝ thirtyѝ days,ѝ orѝ fineѝ aѝ motoristѝ forѝ speeding,ѝ withoutѝ theѝ aidѝ ofѝ

________.ѝTheѝmagistrateѝmayѝalsoѝhaveѝauthorityѝtoѝreceiveѝaѝmanѝ accusedѝ ofѝ murderѝ andѝ decideѝ whetherѝ toѝ holdѝ himѝ forѝ trialѝ inѝ

__________.ѝ

Vocabulary

evidenceѝ	показанияѝ	defendingѝcounselѝ защитаѝ
prosecutingѝcounselѝ	обвинениеѝ	unanimousѝ	единогласныйѝ

Exercise 5 Give definitions of these words.

districtѝjudgeѝ juryѝ prosecutingѝcounselѝ defendingѝcounselѝ

Exercise 6 Answer these questions.

1.ѝWhatѝisѝtheѝroleѝofѝtheѝlowestѝcourtsѝinѝtheѝfederalѝsystem?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝkindsѝofѝcasesѝdoѝtheyѝtry?ѝ 3.ѝIsѝaѝjuryѝtrialѝprovidedѝinѝallѝcases?ѝ 4.ѝWhyѝdoѝyouѝthinkѝtheѝdecisionѝofѝtheѝjuryѝmustѝbeѝunanimous?ѝ 5.ѝWhatѝareѝtheѝdutiesѝofѝtheѝmagistrate?ѝ

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Exercise 7 Read and translate the following text in writing.

The marshals

Theѝ marshalsѝ areѝ theѝ oldestѝ lawѝ enforcementѝ agencyѝ inѝ theѝ Unitedѝ States.ѝEachѝmarshalѝisѝappointedѝbyѝtheѝPresidentѝofѝtheѝUSAѝwithѝadviceѝandѝconsentѝofѝtheѝUSѝSenate.ѝTheѝappointmentѝisѝforѝaѝperiodѝofѝ fourѝyears.ѝMarshalsѝdoѝnotѝwearѝuniform.ѝThereѝareѝaboutѝsevenѝhundredѝUSѝmarshalsѝinѝtheѝUnitedѝStates.ѝTheѝmarshalsѝworkѝinѝfederalѝ courts,ѝ serveѝ federalѝ processes,ѝ transportѝ federalѝ prisonersѝ andѝ haveѝ powersѝtoѝarrestѝinѝfederalѝcases.ѝTheѝactivitiesѝofѝmarshalsѝareѝsuper- visedѝandѝdirectedѝbyѝtheѝAttorney-General.ѝ

Theѝ officeѝ ofѝ theѝ Unitedѝ Statesѝ Attorney-Generalѝ wasѝ establishedѝ inѝ 1789.ѝTheѝpurposeѝofѝtheѝofficeѝwasѝtoѝenforceѝfederalѝlaws.ѝTheѝAttor- ney-GeneralѝisѝtheѝheadѝofѝtheѝUSѝDepartmentѝofѝJustice.ѝ

Exercise 8 Complete these sentences

1.Theѝwordѝmarshalѝmeansѝ______________ѝ

2.TheѝmainѝresponsibilitiesѝofѝmarshalsѝinѝtheѝUSAѝareѝ___________.ѝ

3.Theyѝdoѝnotѝ__________________________.ѝ

4.Theѝmarshalsѝworkѝinѝ_________________.ѝ

5.Theѝworkѝofѝtheѝmarshalsѝisѝsupervisedѝbyѝ____________________.ѝ

6.Theѝmarshalsѝareѝappointedѝforѝaѝtermѝofѝ_________________.ѝ

Exercise 9 Answer these questions.

1.ѝWhatѝdoѝyouѝrememberѝaboutѝtheѝfirstѝlaws?ѝѝ 2.ѝWhenѝwereѝtheyѝcreated?ѝWhyѝwereѝtheyѝnecessary?ѝ

Exercise 10 Complete the text, use the verbs in brackets in the proper tense and voice.

History of Law

1.ѝ Theѝ ancientѝ legalѝ codeѝ ________ѝ (toѝ drawѝ up)ѝ inѝ 1758ѝ B.C.ѝ byѝ Hammurabi,ѝaѝkingѝofѝBabylonia.ѝHisѝlawsѝwereѝmoreѝextensiveѝthanѝ anyѝthatѝ_________ѝ(toѝmake)ѝbefore.ѝTheyѝ__________ѝ(toѝdeal)ѝwithѝ crime,ѝmarriageѝandѝdivorce,ѝinheritanceѝandѝpropertyѝcontracts,ѝtaxes,ѝ theѝ rightsѝ ofѝ slave-ownersѝ andѝ slaves.ѝ Theѝ principleѝ ofѝ revengeѝ

_________ѝ (toѝ observe),ѝ butѝ theѝ penaltyѝ _________ѝ (canѝ not)ѝ beѝ harderѝthanѝtheѝcrime.ѝ

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2.ѝInѝtheѝ17thѝcenturyѝB.C.ѝDraco*__________ѝ(toѝdrawѝup)ѝGreece'sѝ firstѝwrittenѝcodeѝofѝlaws.ѝTheyѝ________ѝ(toѝsay)ѝtoѝhaveѝbeenѝwrittenѝinѝ blood.ѝDeathѝ________ѝ(toѝbe)ѝaѝpenaltyѝforѝalmostѝallѝcriminalѝoffences.ѝ

3.ѝSeveralѝdecadesѝlaterѝSolomon,ѝAthensѝlawmaker,ѝ_______ѝ(toѝrevise)ѝ Draco'sѝ codeѝ makingѝ itѝ moreѝ humane.ѝ Enslavementѝ forѝ debtѝ

_________ѝ(toѝprohibit),ѝandѝcitizensѝ__________ѝ(toѝget)ѝtheѝrightѝtoѝ appealѝgovernmentѝdecisions.ѝ

4.ѝTheѝMagnaѝCarta,ѝorѝGreatѝCharterѝ________ѝ(toѝsign)ѝbyѝKingѝJohnѝ inѝ1215.ѝThisѝdocumentѝ_________ѝ(toѝregard)ѝasѝaѝcornerstoneѝofѝBritishѝindividualѝfreedomsѝandѝrights.ѝItѝ______ѝ(toѝestablish)ѝtheѝprincipleѝ ofѝlimitedѝgovernmentѝ—ѝlimitedѝpowerѝofѝtheѝmonarch.ѝAccordingѝtoѝtheѝ MagnaѝCartaѝnoѝcitizenѝcanѝ________ѝ(toѝkeep)ѝinѝjail,ѝ__________ѝ(toѝ deprive)ѝofѝlife,ѝliberty,ѝorѝpropertyѝwithoutѝaѝdueѝprocessѝofѝlaw.ѝ

5.ѝTheѝHabeasѝCorpus**ѝActѝ________ѝ(pass)ѝinѝBritainѝinѝ1679.ѝItѝ

______________ѝ(toѝguarantee)ѝanѝimprisonedѝpersonѝaѝspeedyѝtrial.ѝ

*ѝDracoѝ—ѝДраконт,ѝафинскийѝзаконодательѝ

**ѝHabeasѝCorpusѝadѝsubjiciendumѝ(Latin)ѝ—ѝLetѝtheѝbodyѝbeѝbroughtѝbeforeѝtheѝjudge.ѝ

Over to you

Sum up what you know about the political systems of the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the USA. Compare the structure of their judicial systems and write a paragraph on the topic. The following questions may help you:

1.What kind of political system does the USA have?

2.How is the government of the country organized?

3.How often are elections held?

4.Who is the head of state?

5.What structure does the judiciary have?

Supplementary reading

Read and render the following texts.

1.ѝ«Presidentialѝelectionѝcampaign»ѝ 2.ѝ«Presidentialѝelectionѝandѝoath»ѝ 3.ѝ«Powersѝandѝduties»ѝ

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Lesson 10

POLICE AT WORK 1

ѝ

«Ignorance of law, which everybody is supposed to know, does not constitute an excuse.»

		Legal maxim
Starting up
Study the following.
policeѝ	toѝpoliceѝ
1ѝа)ѝполицияѝ	поддерживатьѝ	порядокѝ (вѝ
cityѝpoliceѝ—ѝгородскаяѝполицияѝѝ	стране),ѝ	обеспечиватьѝ
policeѝstateѝ—ѝполицейскоеѝгосударствоѝѝ	безопасность;ѝохранятьѝ
б)ѝ отрядѝ поѝ обеспечениюѝ безопасностиѝ
(сформированѝ наѝ общественныхѝ нача-
лах,ѝпоѝфункциямѝнапоминаетѝполицию)ѝ
2)ѝполицейскиеѝѝ

Exercise 1 Translate these examples into Russian.

1.Policeѝapprehendedѝ20ѝadults,ѝidentifiedѝasѝburglars.ѝ

2.Strongerѝpoliceѝwillѝmeanѝsagerѝneighborhoods.ѝ(GeorgeѝW.ѝBush)ѝѝ

3.Theѝpoliceѝareѝgovernmentѝorganizationsѝwhoѝareѝchargedѝwithѝtheѝ responsibilityѝforѝmaintainingѝlawѝandѝorder.ѝ

4.Policingѝisѝmaintainingѝtheѝsecurityѝbyѝcarryingѝoutѝaѝcontrol.ѝ

5.Thereѝwereѝoverѝ100ѝpoliceѝonѝdutyѝatѝtheѝdemonstration.ѝ

Note:ѝ Словаѝ police/ѝ militiaѝ относятсяѝ кѝ такѝ называемымѝ собирательнымѝ существительнымѝ(нарядуѝсѝтакимиѝсловами,ѝкакѝgovernment,ѝteamѝиѝт.д.)ѝиѝ согласуютсяѝ сѝ глаголомѝ какѝ вѝ единственном,ѝ такѝ иѝ воѝ множественномѝ числе,ѝ поѝ усмотрениюѝ говорящего.ѝ Еслиѝ этиѝ словаѝ обозначаютѝ группуѝ людей,ѝтоѝглаголѝставитсяѝвоѝмножественномѝчисле,ѝнапример:ѝ

Theѝmilitia/policeѝareѝconcernedѝwithѝmaintainingѝpublicѝorder.ѝ

Вѝэтомѝслучаеѝобычноѝставитсяѝопределенныйѝартикль.ѝНоѝеслиѝречьѝидетѝ обѝучреждении,ѝорганизации,ѝоргане,ѝт.е.ѝединомѝцелом,ѝтоѝглаголѝможетѝ стоятьѝвѝединственномѝчисле.ѝПриѝэтомѝсловоѝобычноѝпишетсяѝсѝбольшойѝбуквы,ѝопределенныйѝартикльѝможетѝнеѝупотребляться,ѝнапример:ѝѝ

Policeѝrefersѝtoѝaѝspecificѝkindѝofѝsocialѝinstitution.ѝѝ

Этотѝвариантѝхарактеренѝдляѝамериканскогоѝвариантаѝанглийскогоѝязыка.ѝ

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Exercise 2 Translate into English.

1.Полицияѝнесетѝответственностьѝзаѝохрануѝобщественногоѝпорядка.ѝ

2.Полицияѝведетѝрасследованиеѝужеѝнесколькоѝдней.ѝ

3.Полицияѝсчитает,ѝчтоѝнаходящийсяѝвѝрозыскеѝпреступникѝужеѝ уехалѝизѝстраны.ѝ

4.Милицияѝзнает,ѝгдеѝсейчасѝнаходитсяѝподозреваемый.ѝ

5.Милицияѝнадеется,ѝчтоѝправонарушительѝскороѝбудетѝарестован.ѝ

Grammar: Sequence of tenses: Indirect statements

(согласование времен: утвердительные предложения в косвенной речи)

Вѝанглийскомѝязыкеѝдействуютѝправилаѝсогласованияѝвременѝ(Theѝ Rulesѝ ofѝ theѝ Sequenceѝ ofѝ Tenses):ѝ еслиѝ вѝ главномѝ предложенииѝ употребляетсяѝпрошедшееѝвремя,ѝтоѝвѝпридаточномѝдополнительномѝ предложенииѝ (отвечающемѝ наѝ вопросѝ что?)ѝ употребляетсяѝ такжеѝодноѝизѝпрошедшихѝвремен.ѝВѝрусскомѝязыкеѝвѝтакихѝпридаточныхѝпредложенияхѝупотребляютсяѝнастоящее,ѝпрошедшееѝиѝ будущееѝвремя.ѝ

ѝ

theѝtenseѝinѝtheѝobjectѝclauseѝ	ѝ
(времяѝвѝпридаточномѝпред-
ложении)ѝ
TheѝPastѝIndefiniteѝ	IѝknewѝhisѝnameѝwasѝMichael.ѝѝ
ѝ	Яѝзнал,ѝчтоѝегоѝзовутѝМайкл.ѝ
TheѝPastѝContinuousѝ	IѝknewѝheѝwasѝlearningѝEnglish.ѝѝ
ѝ	Яѝзнал,ѝчтоѝонѝучитѝанглийский.ѝ
TheѝPastѝPerfectѝ	IѝknewѝheѝhadѝleftѝMoscow.ѝѝ
ѝ	Яѝзнал,ѝчтоѝонѝуехалѝизѝМосквы.ѝ
TheѝFutureѝinѝtheѝPastѝ	IѝknewѝheѝwouldѝsoonѝreturnѝtoѝMoscow.ѝ
ѝ	Яѝзнал,ѝчтоѝонѝскороѝвернетсяѝвѝМо-
	скву.ѝ
*ѝSeeѝGrammarѝreferenceѝ

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Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Russian.

1.Iѝsaidѝthatѝtheѝidentityѝofѝtheѝcriminalѝneededѝtoѝbeѝdetermined.ѝ

2.Theѝreportѝstatedѝthatѝtheѝpolicemanѝhadѝprovidedѝfirstѝaidѝtoѝtheѝvictimsѝofѝtheѝaccident.ѝ

3.Theѝsergeantѝtoldѝusѝthatѝheѝhadѝrescuedѝaѝtrappedѝanimal.ѝ

4.Theѝpoliceѝsaidѝtheyѝwouldѝcontinueѝtheirѝsearchѝforѝtheѝmissingѝperson.ѝ

5.Theѝlecturerѝsaidѝthatѝtheѝlawѝenforcementѝfunctionѝwasѝconcernedѝ withѝcontrollingѝcrime.ѝ

6.Theѝpoliceѝconfirmedѝthatѝtheѝlawѝhadѝbeenѝviolatedѝandѝmeasuresѝ wereѝbeingѝtakenѝ

7.Theѝjudgeѝansweredѝthatѝheѝcouldѝmakeѝaѝdecisionѝonlyѝafterѝlisteningѝ toѝallѝtheѝwitnesses.ѝ

8.Theѝaccusedѝclaimedѝthatѝheѝhadn'tѝbeenѝanywhereѝnearѝtheѝsceneѝofѝ crime.ѝ

9.Theѝrobberѝthreatenedѝtheѝheѝwouldѝshootѝtheѝcashier.ѝ

10.Theѝcriminalѝwroteѝinѝhisѝlettersѝthatѝheѝwasѝinnocentѝofѝallѝtheѝcharges.

Exercise 2 Translate these sentences into English.

1.Свидетельѝсказал,ѝчтоѝнеѝзнаетѝподозреваемогоѝ(suspect).ѝ

2.Преступникѝзаявил,ѝчтоѝничегоѝнеѝрасскажетѝполиции.ѝ

3.Онѝобъяснил,ѝчтоѝвѝэтойѝситуацииѝзаконѝнеѝбылѝнарушен.ѝ

4.Патрульныйѝсообщил,ѝчтоѝпреступникаѝобнаружили.ѝ

5.Профессорѝсказал,ѝчтоѝпоедетѝнаѝконференциюѝвѝследующемѝмесяце.ѝ

6.Полицейскийѝобъяснил,ѝчтоѝэтаѝинформацияѝоченьѝважна.ѝ

7.Судьяѝподтвердил,ѝчтоѝделоѝбудутѝслушатьѝчерезѝнеделю.ѝ

8.Следовательѝсказал,ѝчтоѝониѝнеѝмогутѝпокаѝустановитьѝличностьѝ преступника.ѝ

9.Полицейскийѝ сообщилѝврачам,ѝ чтоѝ онѝ ужеѝ оказалѝ пострадавшимѝпервуюѝпомощь.ѝ

10.Журналистѝсообщил,ѝчтоѝсвидетелейѝпреступленияѝопрашиваютѝиѝпокаѝдеталиѝпроисшествияѝнеѝизвестны.ѝ

Grammar: Indirect questions

(вопросы в косвенной речи).

Приѝпередачеѝвопросовѝвѝкосвеннойѝречиѝпридаточныеѝпредложенияѝначинаютсяѝсѝвопросительногоѝслова,ѝдалееѝидетѝподлежащее,ѝ

150

затемѝ—ѝсказуемоеѝ(вѝотличиеѝотѝобычныхѝвопросовѝздесьѝисполь- зуетсяѝпрямойѝпорядокѝслов).ѝПриѝпередачеѝвѝкосвеннойѝречиѝобщихѝ вопросовѝ придаточныеѝ предложенияѝ начинаютсяѝ сѝ союзаѝ ifѝ илиѝ whether.ѝСоблюдаетсяѝправилоѝсогласованияѝвремен.ѝ

ѝ

Iѝaskedѝherѝwhatѝtheѝtitleѝofѝtheѝ	Яѝспросилѝее,ѝкакѝназываетсяѝэтаѝ
bookѝwas.ѝѝ	книга.ѝ
Iѝaskedѝhimѝwhenѝheѝhadѝreadѝ	Яѝспросил,ѝкогдаѝонѝчиталѝэтуѝ
thisѝbook.ѝ	книгу.ѝ
Iѝwantedѝtoѝknowѝwhatѝhisѝfavor-	Яѝхотелѝзнать,ѝктоѝегоѝлюбимыйѝ
iteѝwriterѝwas.ѝ	писатель.ѝ
Iѝwantedѝtoѝlearnѝwhatѝbookѝheѝ	Яѝхотелѝузнать,ѝкакуюѝкнигуѝонѝ
wasѝreading.ѝ	читаетѝ(сейчас).ѝ
Iѝdidѝnotѝknowѝhowѝlongѝheѝhadѝ	Яѝнеѝзнал,ѝсколькоѝвремениѝонѝ
beenѝreadingѝit.ѝ	ужеѝчитаетѝее.ѝ
Iѝaskedѝhimѝifѝheѝreadѝaѝlot.ѝ	Яѝспросил,ѝмногоѝлиѝонѝчитает.ѝ

Exercise 3 Read these sentences and translate them into Russian.

1.Weѝaskedѝtheѝpolicemanѝwhereѝweѝcouldѝparkѝourѝcar.ѝ

2.Theѝdetectiveѝaskedѝtheѝwitnessesѝwhatѝtheyѝhadѝseen.ѝ

3.HeѝaskedѝmeѝifѝIѝknewѝtheѝsuspect.ѝ

4.Iѝaskedѝhimѝhowѝlongѝheѝhadѝbeenѝworkingѝasѝanѝinvestigator.ѝ

5.Theѝdetectiveѝwantedѝtoѝknowѝifѝanyoneѝhadѝseenѝtheѝrobber.ѝ

6.Theѝtouristѝaskedѝtheѝpatrolmanѝhowѝfarѝtheѝstadiumѝwas.ѝ

7.Theѝpatrolmanѝaskedѝwhatѝhotelѝtheѝtouristѝwasѝstayingѝat.ѝ

8.Theѝjournalistsѝwonderedѝifѝtheѝmissingѝpersonsѝhadѝbeenѝfound.ѝ

9.Theѝpolicemanѝwantedѝtoѝknowѝwhatѝpropertyѝhadѝbeenѝdamagedѝ duringѝtheѝriots.ѝ

10.Theѝwomanѝcalledѝ911ѝandѝaskedѝifѝtheyѝcouldѝhelpѝ—ѝherѝcatѝhadѝ gotѝlost.ѝ

Exercise 4 Change these sentences into indirect speech, use the verbs in brackets.

1.«CouldѝIѝseeѝyourѝdrivingѝlicense»,ѝsaidѝtheѝpoliceman.ѝ(toѝask)ѝ

2.«Don'tѝfireѝexceptѝinѝself-defence»,ѝsaidѝtheѝpoliceѝsergeant.ѝ(toѝtell)ѝ

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