Rehabilitation
Aimsѝatѝtransformingѝanѝoffenderѝintoѝaѝvaluableѝmemberѝofѝsociety.ѝItsѝ primaryѝgoalѝisѝtoѝpreventѝfurtherѝoffenseѝbyѝconvincingѝtheѝoffenderѝ thatѝtheirѝconductѝwasѝwrong.ѝѝ
Restitution
Thisѝisѝaѝvictimѝorientedѝtheoryѝofѝpunishment.ѝTheѝgoalѝisѝtoѝrepair,ѝ throughѝstateѝauthority,ѝanyѝhurtѝinflictedѝonѝtheѝvictimѝbyѝtheѝoffender.ѝ Forѝexample,ѝoneѝwhoѝembezzlesѝwillѝbeѝrequiredѝtoѝrepayѝtheѝamountѝ improperlyѝ acquired.ѝ Restitutionѝ isѝ commonlyѝ combinedѝ withѝ otherѝ mainѝgoalsѝofѝcriminalѝjusticeѝandѝisѝcloselyѝrelatedѝtoѝconceptsѝinѝtheѝ civilѝlaw.ѝ
Exercise 2 Make a summary of the text above.
Exercise 3 Read the newspaper article.
Prison population
Demonstrationsѝwereѝorganisedѝthisѝmonthѝinѝmoreѝthanѝ30ѝmajorѝcitiesѝ inѝtheѝUnitedѝStatesѝtoѝdrawѝattentionѝtoѝtheѝarrivalѝofѝtheѝtwoѝmillionthѝ inmateѝinѝAmericanѝjails.ѝ
TheѝUnitedѝStatesѝcomprisesѝ5ѝpercentѝofѝtheѝglobalѝpopulation,ѝyetѝitѝisѝ responsibleѝforѝ25ѝpercentѝofѝtheѝworld'sѝprisoners.ѝItѝhasѝaѝhigherѝproportionѝofѝitsѝcitizensѝinѝjailѝthanѝanyѝotherѝcountryѝinѝhistory,ѝaccordingѝtoѝtheѝNovemberѝCoalition,ѝanѝallianceѝofѝcivilѝrightsѝcampaigners,ѝ justiceѝpolicyѝworkersѝandѝdrugѝlawѝreformers.ѝ
TheѝCoalitionѝisѝcoordinatingѝprotestsѝacrossѝtheѝUnitedѝStatesѝtoѝdrawѝ publicѝattentionѝtoѝwhatѝitѝfeelsѝisѝaѝtrendѝforѝlockingѝupѝeverѝmoreѝof- fenders,ѝmostѝofѝthemѝnon-violent.ѝ
«Incarcerationѝshouldѝbeѝtheѝlastѝresortѝofѝaѝcivilizedѝsociety,ѝnotѝtheѝ first»,ѝsaidѝMichaelѝGelac,ѝaѝformerѝvice-chairmanѝofѝtheѝUSѝSentenc- ingѝCommission.ѝ
«Weѝareѝcallingѝonѝstateѝandѝfederalѝgovernmentsѝtoѝstopѝbreakingѝupѝ familiesѝandѝdestroyingѝourѝcommunities.ѝPrisonѝisѝnotѝtheѝsolutionѝtoѝ everyѝsocialѝproblem»,ѝsaidѝNoraѝCollanѝofѝtheѝCoalition.ѝ
«InѝNewѝYorkѝCityѝoneѝofѝthreeѝblackѝyouthsѝisѝeitherѝinѝcustodyѝorѝonѝ parole.ѝNewѝYorkѝStateѝisѝdivertingѝmillionsѝofѝdollarsѝfromѝcollegesѝandѝ
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universitiesѝtoѝpayѝforѝprisonersѝweѝcannotѝafford»,ѝsaidѝKevinѝPranѝofѝ theѝPrisonѝMoratoriumѝProject.ѝ
TheѝnationalѝconventionѝofѝtheѝAmericanѝBarѝAssociation,ѝheldѝinѝDallas,ѝ Texasѝ thisѝ monthѝ wasѝ toldѝ thereѝ wasѝ growingѝ momentumѝ forѝ aѝ moratoriumѝonѝtheѝdeathѝpenalty.ѝThisѝfollowsѝtheѝrecentѝannouncementѝbyѝIllinoisѝGovernorѝGeorgeѝRyanѝthatѝtheѝstateѝwillѝsuspendѝexecutionsѝ pendingѝ anѝ investigationѝ sinceѝ thereѝ isѝ aѝ certainѝ numberѝ ofѝ deathѝrowѝinmatesѝwhoѝhaveѝbeenѝwronglyѝconvicted.ѝThereѝareѝcur- rentlyѝ3,600ѝpeopleѝawaitingѝexecutionѝinѝtheѝUnitedѝStatesѝ—ѝ463ѝofѝ themѝinѝTexasѝalone.ѝ
TheѝGuardian,ѝFebruary,ѝ2000ѝ
Vocabulary
toѝdrawѝattentionѝ |
привлечьѝвниманиеѝ |
inmateѝ |
заключенныйѝ |
toѝaffordѝ |
позволятьѝсебеѝѝ |
resortѝ |
прибежищеѝ |
toѝdivertѝfromѝsmthѝ |
отвлекатьѝотѝчего-либоѝ |
theѝBarѝ |
адвокатураѝ |
momentumѝ |
толчок,ѝимпульсѝ |
toѝsuspendѝ |
приостанавливатьѝ |
toѝexecuteѝ |
выполнятьѝ |
pendingѝ |
ожидающийѝрешенияѝ |
Exercise 4 Insert appropriate prepositions where necessary.
1.___ѝthatѝmonthѝveryѝmanyѝdemonstrationsѝwereѝorganisedѝ___ѝmoreѝ thanѝ30ѝAmericanѝcities.ѝ
2.Thoseѝdemonstrationsѝdrewѝattentionѝ___ѝtheѝpublicѝ___ѝtheѝgrowingѝ numberѝ___ѝprisonersѝ___ѝAmericanѝjails.ѝ
3.TheѝUSAѝcomprisesѝaboutѝ5ѝpercentѝ___ѝtheѝglobalѝpopulation.ѝ
4.Itѝisѝresponsibleѝ___ѝ25ѝpercentѝ___ѝtheѝworld'sѝprisoners.ѝ
5.TheѝUSAѝhasѝaѝbiggerѝproportionѝ___ѝitsѝcitizensѝkeptѝ___ѝjailѝthanѝ anyѝotherѝcountry,ѝaccordingѝ___ѝtheѝcivilѝrightsѝcampaigners.ѝ
6.Accordingѝ___ѝKevinѝPranѝblackѝyouthsѝsufferѝmost.ѝ
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Exercise 5 Complete these sentences using the text above.
1.AccordingѝtoѝMichaelѝGelacѝincarcerationѝ__________________ѝ
2.AccordingѝtoѝNoraѝCollanѝtheѝCoalitionѝwasѝcallingѝ___________ѝ
3.AccordingѝtoѝGeorgeѝRyanѝtheѝstateѝofѝIllinoisѝwillѝsuspend______ѝ
4.Accordingѝtoѝthisѝnewspaperѝitemѝ_________________________ѝ
Exercise 6 Translate these sentences into English.
1.СъездѝАссоциацииѝадвокатовѝсостоялсяѝвѝДалласе,ѝштатѝТехас.ѝ
2.Наѝсъездеѝбылоѝзаявлено,ѝчтоѝнасталоѝвремяѝобъявитьѝмораторийѝнаѝсмертныеѝказни.ѝ
3.Многиеѝадвокатыѝтребуют,ѝчтобыѝсмертнаяѝказньѝбылаѝзапрещена.ѝ
4.Этоѝтребованиеѝбылоѝподдержаноѝиѝвѝдругихѝстранах.ѝ
5.Требованиеѝанглийскихѝадвокатовѝбылоѝопубликованоѝсовсемѝ недавно.ѝ
6.Газетыѝписали,ѝчтоѝтребованиеѝподдержалиѝиѝфранцузскиеѝадвокаты.ѝ
Exercise 7 Make a summary of the text above. What do you think the ideas of the Prison Moratorium Project in the USA are?
Reading
Before you read, translate these words with the help of a dictionary.
toѝslash;ѝballooning;ѝgrantingѝearlyѝrelease;ѝinmate;ѝtoѝcap;ѝ«summary»ѝ paroleѝsystem;ѝremainѝunderѝsupervisedѝrelease;ѝtechnicalѝparoleѝviolations;ѝdirtyѝdrugѝtests;ѝunderpinning;ѝreentryѝskills;ѝundermineѝ
Exercise 1 Read the article.
Prisons: Facing budget crisis, California Governor ponders early release of 22,000 nonviolent offenders
Facedѝwithѝaѝbillionѝbudgetѝ deficit,ѝCaliforniaѝGov.ѝ Arnoldѝ Schwarzeneggerѝisѝconsideringѝaѝproposalѝtoѝslashѝballooningѝprisonѝspendingѝ byѝgrantingѝearlyѝreleaseѝtoѝsomeѝ22,000ѝnonviolent,ѝnon-sexѝoffenderѝ inmates.ѝTheѝproposalѝwouldѝalsoѝcutѝtheѝstate'sѝprisonѝpopulationѝbyѝ changingѝtheѝwayѝparoleѝviolationsѝareѝhandled.ѝButѝSchwarzeneggerѝ
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hasѝnotѝapprovedѝtheѝproposal,ѝandѝitѝisѝalreadyѝgeneratingѝpoliticalѝopposition.ѝѝ
California'sѝprisonѝsystemѝisѝsecondѝonlyѝtoѝtheѝfederalѝsystemѝinѝsize.ѝ Theѝ systemѝ isѝ vastlyѝ overcrowdedѝ andѝ facesѝ twoѝ federalѝ class-actionѝ suitsѝseekingѝtoѝcapѝinmateѝpopulationsѝbecauseѝovercrowdingѝisѝresultingѝ inѝ theѝ stateѝ notѝ deliveringѝ constitutionallyѝ adequateѝ medicalѝ andѝ mentalѝhealthѝcare.ѝѝ
20.6%ѝofѝthoseѝprisonersѝareѝdoingѝtimeѝforѝdrugѝoffenses.ѝDrugѝoffenders,ѝpropertyѝoffenders,ѝandѝ«other»ѝnonviolentѝoffendersѝtogetherѝaccountѝforѝhalfѝtheѝstateѝprisonѝpopulation.ѝUnderѝtheѝplan,ѝpresentedѝbyѝ theѝgovernor'sѝoffice,ѝlow-riskѝoffendersѝwithѝfewerѝthanѝ20ѝmonthsѝleftѝ inѝtheirѝsentencesѝwouldѝbeѝreleasedѝearly.ѝItѝwouldѝalsoѝinvolveѝcuttingѝ someѝprisonѝjobs,ѝmostlyѝforѝtheѝstate'sѝhighlyѝpaidѝprisonѝguards,ѝwhoseѝ baseѝsalaryѝisѝnearlyѝ$60,000ѝaѝyear.ѝTheѝproposalѝalsoѝcallsѝforѝaѝ«summary»ѝparoleѝsystem,ѝwhereѝreleasedѝoffendersѝwouldѝremainѝunderѝsupervisedѝrelease,ѝbutѝwouldѝnotѝbeѝreturnedѝtoѝprisonѝforѝtechnicalѝparoleѝviolations,ѝsuchѝasѝdirtyѝdrugѝtestsѝorѝmissingѝanѝappointment,ѝbutѝ onlyѝifѝtheyѝareѝconvictedѝofѝaѝnewѝcrime.ѝMovingѝtoѝaѝsummaryѝsystemѝ wouldѝcutѝtheѝaverageѝparoleѝpopulation,ѝparoleѝjobsѝandѝreduceѝtheѝ prisonѝpopulation.ѝѝ
RepublicanѝAssemblymanѝToddѝSpitzerѝsaidѝearlyѝreleasesѝwouldѝundermineѝAssemblyѝBillѝ900,ѝaѝ$7.9ѝbillionѝmeasureѝthatѝwillѝaddѝ53,000ѝ jailѝandѝprisonѝbeds,ѝbutѝalsoѝestablishѝrehabilitationѝasѝtheѝphilosophicalѝ underpinningѝ ofѝ theѝ state'sѝ prisonѝ system.ѝ «Byѝ lettingѝ peopleѝ outѝ 20ѝ monthsѝearly,ѝwhichѝisѝsupposedѝtoѝbeѝwhenѝtheyѝgetѝtheirѝreentryѝskills,ѝ they’reѝnotѝgoingѝtoѝgetѝthemѝatѝall,ѝsoѝrecidivismѝisѝgoingѝtoѝgetѝworse»,ѝ Spitzerѝsaid.ѝ
Exercise 2 Answer these questions.
1.HowѝdoesѝArnoldѝSchwarzeneggerѝproposeѝtoѝslashѝballooningѝprisonѝ spending?ѝ
2.Whatѝisѝhisѝideaѝtoѝcutѝtheѝstate'sѝprisonѝpopulation?ѝ
3.WhatѝconditionѝisѝCalifornia'sѝprisonѝsystemѝin?ѝ
4.Whatѝkindsѝofѝoffendersѝaccountѝforѝhalfѝtheѝstateѝprisonѝpopulation?ѝ
5.Whatѝkindsѝofѝoffendersѝareѝsupposedѝtoѝbeѝreleasedѝearly?ѝWhatѝwillѝ thisѝstepѝresultѝin?ѝ
6.Whatѝisѝ«summary»ѝparoleѝsystem?ѝ
7.WhyѝisѝSchwarzenegger'sѝproposalѝgeneratingѝpoliticalѝopposition?ѝ
8.WhatѝwasѝtheѝAssemblyѝBillѝ900ѝpassedѝfor?ѝ
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Exercise 3 Translate these sentences into English using the following pattern.
aѝfewѝtimesѝhigher/lower/bigger/smaller…ѝ
вѝнесколькоѝразѝвыше/ниже/больше/меньше...ѝ
1.Этиѝцифрыѝвѝдваѝразаѝвыше,ѝчемѝмыѝожидали.ѝ
2.Количествоѝосвобожденныхѝдосрочноѝвѝэтомѝгодуѝвѝдваѝразаѝвыше.ѝ
3.Сумма,ѝкоторуюѝтратятѝнаѝсодержаниеѝзаключенных,ѝнаѝсамомѝ делеѝвѝнесколькоѝразѝбольше.ѝ
4.Ониѝпотратилиѝвѝдваѝразаѝбольшеѝвремениѝнаѝто,ѝчтобыѝизучитьѝ статистическиеѝданныеѝпоѝтюрьмамѝштата.ѝ
5.Ониѝпроинспектировалиѝтюрьму,ѝвѝкоторойѝвтроеѝбольшеѝзаключенных.ѝ
It is interesting to know.
1. Sing Sing Correctional Facility (Ossining, N.Y)
Singѝ—ѝSingѝisѝlocatedѝonѝtheѝbanksѝofѝtheѝ
HudsonѝRiver,ѝ30ѝmilesѝnorthѝofѝNewѝYorkѝ City.ѝ Theѝ phrasesѝ «sentѝ toѝ theѝ bigѝ house»ѝ andѝ«sentѝupѝtheѝriver»ѝbothѝoriginatedѝhere.ѝ Builtѝ inѝ 1825,ѝ oppressiveѝ Singѝ Singѝ wasѝ knownѝ forѝ suchѝ torturesѝ asѝ «theѝ bath»,ѝ inѝ whichѝ waterѝ wasѝ pouredѝ overѝ aѝ prisoner'sѝ headѝonlyѝtoѝcollect,ѝandѝterrifyinglyѝrise,ѝinѝ aѝ hollowѝ basinѝ wornѝ aroundѝ theѝ neckѝ andѝ head,ѝandѝ«bucking»,ѝwhereѝprisonersѝwereѝ
hungѝupsideѝdownѝforѝlongѝperiodsѝofѝtime.ѝTodayѝSingѝSingѝhasѝbeenѝ rebuiltѝasѝaѝfullyѝmodernizedѝprisonѝfacility,ѝandѝthere'sѝtalkѝofѝturningѝ theѝoriginalѝcellblockѝintoѝaѝmuseum.ѝThereѝareѝ1,000-plusѝstaffersѝtoѝ handleѝtheѝprisonѝpopulationѝofѝaboutѝ1,700.ѝ
FormerѝresidentsѝincludeѝspiesѝEthelѝandѝJuliusѝRosenberg,ѝserialѝkillerѝ andѝcannibalѝAlbertѝFish,ѝandѝprolificѝbankѝrobberѝWillieѝSutton.ѝ
2. Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp (Cuba)
LocatedѝinѝGuantanamoѝBay,ѝaѝlargeѝharborѝsurroundedѝbyѝsteepѝhillsѝonѝ theѝsouthѝsideѝofѝCuba.ѝTheѝcampѝisѝunderѝU.S.ѝgovernmentalѝcontrol.ѝ
Guantanamo,ѝorѝ«Gitmo»ѝasѝit'sѝcalled,ѝholdsѝpeopleѝdeterminedѝtoѝbeѝ enemyѝcombatants,ѝincludingѝhundredsѝofѝprisonersѝfromѝtheѝMiddleѝ
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Eastѝ (Saudiѝ Arabia,ѝ Yemen,ѝ Pakistan,ѝ Afghanistanѝ andѝ Syria).ѝ Prisonersѝ areѝ blindfoldedѝ whenѝ movedѝ fromѝ oneѝ partѝ ofѝ theѝ facilityѝtoѝanother,ѝandѝbannedѝfromѝtalkingѝ inѝ groupsѝ ofѝ fourѝ orѝ more.ѝ Humanѝ rightsѝ organizationsѝhaveѝchargedѝthatѝprisonersѝatѝ Guantanamoѝ haveѝ beenѝ torturedѝ andѝ mistreated.ѝ Thereѝ areѝ aboutѝ 400ѝprisonersѝ atѝ Gitmoѝtheseѝdays,ѝandѝaѝtotalѝmilitaryѝpresenceѝofѝmoreѝthanѝ2,000.ѝ
Mohamedѝal-Kahtani,ѝanѝallegedѝmemberѝofѝal-Qaeda,ѝisѝaѝdetaineeѝatѝ Guantanamo.ѝ Heѝ supposedlyѝ intendedѝ toѝ participateѝ inѝ theѝ Sept.ѝ 11ѝ attacksѝbutѝwasѝdetainedѝbyѝimmigrationѝofficials.ѝѝ
3. Alcatraz
ѝLocaton:ѝAlcatrazѝIsland,ѝCalif.ѝConsideredѝ escape-proofѝ whenѝ itѝ wasѝ built,ѝ theѝ longѝ abandonedѝ federalѝ prisonѝ sitsѝ onѝ aѝ rockyѝ islandѝinѝtheѝmiddleѝofѝSanѝFranciscoѝBay.ѝ TheѝFederalѝBureauѝofѝPrisonsѝopenedѝAlcatrazѝinѝ1934ѝasѝaѝplaceѝtoѝhouseѝescapeproneѝprisonersѝwho'dѝotherwiseѝbeѝdisruptiveѝ elementsѝ withinѝ otherѝ facilities.ѝ Alcatrazѝbecameѝknownѝasѝ«TheѝRock».ѝGangsterѝAlѝCaponeѝandѝsociopathѝRobertѝ«Theѝ
Birdman»ѝStroudѝwereѝtwoѝofѝAlcatraz'sѝmostѝnotoriousѝinmates.ѝ
Well-behavedѝprisonersѝcouldѝdoѝfactoryѝworkѝtoѝkeepѝbusy,ѝperformѝinѝaѝ prisonѝbandѝ(Caponeѝplayedѝbanjo!),ѝandѝenjoyѝaѝlibraryѝofѝ15,000ѝbooks.ѝѝ
Inѝitsѝheyday,ѝAlcatrazѝhousedѝ300ѝprisonersѝandѝhadѝaboutѝ100ѝworkers.ѝ
Over to you
1.Henry Ford, an American car manufacturer (1863—1947), once said, «It is all ones to me — if a man comes from Sing — Sing or Harvard. We hire a man, not his history». What do you think of his words? Do you agree with him?
2.Does a prison background influence the career of a person? Will employers pay attention to the prison background? Are the rights of a person limited in any way when he/she is released from prison?
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