Revision

Exercise1 Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to the-ing forms.

1.Theѝprincipleѝtaskѝpfѝpoliceѝworkѝisѝprotectingѝsocietyѝagainstѝcrime.ѝ

2.Whileѝprotectingѝaѝcrimeѝscene,ѝaѝpoliceѝofficerѝshouldѝrememberѝthatѝ nothingѝmustѝbeѝtouchedѝorѝmoved.ѝ

3.Thereѝisѝnoѝuseѝchangingѝyourѝtestimonyѝafterѝtheѝconfrontation.ѝ

4.Accordingѝ toѝ someѝ criminologists,ѝ weatherѝ andѝ changingѝ seasonsѝ bringѝwithѝtheѝdifferencesѝinѝcrimesѝcommitted.ѝ

5.Aѝ defendantѝ mayѝ preferѝ hearingѝ hisѝ caseѝ byѝ aѝ juryѝ inѝ theѝ Crownѝ Court.ѝѝ

6.Whenѝhearingѝaѝcase,ѝaѝgrandѝjuryѝisѝtoѝdecideѝquestionsѝofѝfactѝ

7.Thisѝviolentѝmurderѝcaseѝisѝpassingѝtheѝsecondѝhearing.ѝ

Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of the infinitive or -ing forms.

This way! That way!

Inѝaѝsplitѝsecond,ѝwhenѝnoѝoneѝwasѝpayingѝattention,ѝtheѝtwoѝprisonersѝ escapedѝfromѝtheѝbackѝofѝtheѝpoliceѝvan.ѝTheyѝwereѝhandcuffedѝtoѝeachѝ other.ѝItѝwasѝminutesѝbeforeѝaѝpolicemanѝsawѝthemѝ(run)_____ѝdownѝ theѝstreet.ѝ«We'llѝfollow»,ѝtwoѝpolicemenѝsaid.ѝ«Tellѝtheѝdriverѝ(bring)ѝ

_______ѝtheѝvanѝtoѝtheѝendѝofѝtheѝroad.ѝTellѝhimѝ(notѝlet)ѝ______ѝthemѝ getѝ away.ѝ Ifѝ we»reѝ notѝ careful,ѝ we'llѝ haveѝ theѝ wholeѝ neighbourhoodѝ (complain)ѝ _____ѝ thatѝ we'veѝ beenѝ careless.»ѝ Theѝ prisonersѝ wereѝ stillѝ runningѝsideѝbyѝside.ѝTheѝpolicemenѝsawѝthemѝ(race)_____ѝupѝtheѝhillѝ andѝ(disappear)_______ѝroundѝaѝcorner.ѝ«We'llѝneverѝcatchѝthemѝnow!»ѝ oneѝofѝthemѝsaid.ѝ«Iѝtoldѝyouѝ(notѝleave)ѝ________ѝthemѝunattended.»ѝ Theѝprisonersѝwereѝrunningѝatѝtopѝspeed.ѝSuddenly,ѝtheyѝsawѝaѝlampѝ postѝinѝfrontѝofѝthem.ѝ«Goѝleft!ѝGoѝright!»ѝtheyѝeachѝshoutedѝatѝtheѝsameѝ time.ѝTheyѝranѝonѝeitherѝsideѝofѝtheѝlampѝpost.ѝItѝjustѝtookѝtimeѝforѝtheѝ policeѝ(find)ѝ____,ѝ_____ѝthem,ѝlyingѝonѝtheѝpavement,ѝunhurt,ѝdazed,ѝ andѝwithѝsillyѝgrinsѝonѝtheirѝfaces.ѝ

Grammar: Punctuation (пунктуация)

Применениеѝправилѝпунктуацииѝвѝанглийскомѝязыкеѝотличаетсяѝ большейѝсвободойѝиѝнеѝподчиняетсяѝжесткимѝправилам.ѝАнглийскаяѝпунктуация,ѝвѝосновном,ѝаналогичнаѝрусской,ѝноѝестьѝнекоторыеѝособенности.ѝСравните:ѝ

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ЯѝсказалѝДэвиду:ѝ«Мнеѝнужнаѝтвояѝпомощь».ѝ

IѝsaidѝtoѝDavid,ѝ«Iѝneedѝyourѝhelp».ѝ

Дляѝделовыхѝписемѝхарактернаѝ«открытаяѝпунктуация»,ѝт.е.ѝотсутствиеѝ техѝзнаковѝпрепинания,ѝбезѝкоторыхѝможноѝобойтисьѝ(например,ѝнеѝ ставятсяѝточкиѝпослеѝсокращений,ѝприѝобозначенииѝвремени:ѝMrѝGѝPѝ HiltonѝвместоѝMrѝG.P.ѝHilton,ѝ0930ѝвместоѝ09.30ѝa.m.).ѝ

*ѝSeeѝGrammarѝreferenceѝ

*Exercise 1 Rewrite the following passage, correct the mistakes in punctuation, remove unnecessary passive verbs, and make all other necessary changes. You may shorten the sentences, if you wish.

Consideringѝ allѝ theѝ evidenceѝ inѝ theѝ trial,ѝ itѝ isѝ clearѝ thatѝ theѝ verdictѝ whichѝwasѝdeliveredѝ

byѝtheѝjuryѝveryѝquicklyѝisѝveryѝodd,ѝmanyѝpeopleѝareѝveryѝangryѝaboutѝ theѝproceedings,ѝѝ

whichѝisѝincreasingѝracialѝtensionsѝinѝaѝcityѝalreadyѝveryѝconsciousѝofѝ racialѝinequalityѝinѝѝ

jobsѝandѝhousingѝandѝhowѝblacksѝareѝdiscriminatedѝagainstѝbyѝcityѝofficials,ѝespeciallyѝѝ

theѝpolice.ѝItѝisѝallѝveryѝalarming.ѝAfterѝdecidingѝtheѝverdict,ѝmanyѝTVѝ programsѝ

interviewedѝjurors,ѝaѝpersonѝwhoѝwatchedѝtheseѝshowsѝmightѝfindѝthemselvesѝgettingѝѝ

angryѝaboutѝtheѝworkingsѝofѝtheѝjusticeѝsystemѝandѝhowѝsoѝmanyѝofѝtheѝ jurorsѝappearedѝ

stupidѝmisinformedѝbiasedѝorѝgenerallyѝinadequate,ѝmoreoverѝitѝisѝbeingѝ claimedѝthatѝѝ

anti-Semitismѝinѝtheѝblackѝcommunityѝisѝonѝtheѝriseѝsinceѝtheѝtrial.ѝTheѝ Marchѝonѝѝ

Washingtonѝtheѝsoѝcalledѝmillionѝmanѝmarchѝwhichѝwasѝorganizedѝbyѝ theѝNationѝofѝ

IslamѝbroughtѝintoѝtheѝnationalѝspotlightѝLouisѝFarrakhanѝaѝpersonѝwellѝ knownѝforѝhisѝѝ

extremeѝ remarksѝ againstѝ Jews,ѝ thisѝ hasѝ upsetѝ theѝ Jewishѝ communityѝ considerablyѝandѝѝ

RobertѝShapiroѝtheѝleaderѝofѝtheѝSimpsonѝdefenceѝteamѝasѝsoonѝasѝtheѝ decisionѝwasѝ

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madeѝbyѝtheѝjuryѝindicatedѝthatѝheѝdidѝnotѝagreeѝwithѝtheѝtacticsѝofѝtheѝ defenceѝandѝ

soughtѝtoѝputѝaѝdistanceѝbetweenѝhimselfѝandѝJohnnieѝCochraneѝwhoѝ hadѝmadeѝtheѝ

summationѝforѝtheѝdefence.ѝAѝpersonѝlivingѝinѝLAѝmightѝseriouslyѝbeginѝ toѝworryѝѝ

aboutѝtheѝfutureѝofѝtheirѝcommunityѝandѝbeyondѝthatѝhowѝtheѝracialѝ questionѝinѝtheѝѝ

entireѝcountryѝisѝbeingѝhandledѝbyѝpoliticiansѝandѝtheѝmedia.ѝ

Reading

Before you read, answer this question.

Doѝyouѝknowѝwhatѝtheѝstagesѝofѝcriminalѝcourtѝproceedingsѝareѝthereѝinѝ Russia?ѝ

Exercise 1 Read the text.

Criminal court proceedings

TheѝEnglishѝsystemѝofѝjusticeѝisѝadversarial*,ѝwhichѝmeansѝthatѝeachѝ sideѝcollectsѝandѝpresentsѝtheirѝownѝevidenceѝandѝattacksѝtheirѝoppo- nent'sѝbyѝcross-examination.ѝInѝaѝcriminalѝtrial,ѝtheѝburdenѝofѝproofѝisѝ onѝtheѝprosecutionѝtoѝproveѝbeyondѝreasonableѝdoubtѝthatѝtheѝaccusedѝ isѝguilty.ѝ

Aѝpersonѝaccusedѝorѝunderѝarrestѝforѝanѝoffenceѝmayѝbeѝgrantedѝbailѝ andѝtemporarilyѝreleased.ѝHowever,ѝbailѝmayѝbeѝrefused,ѝforѝexampleѝifѝ thereѝareѝgroundsѝforѝbelievingѝthatѝtheѝaccusedѝwouldѝfailѝtoѝappearѝforѝ trialѝorѝcommitѝanѝoffence.ѝѝ

Arraignmentѝ

Anѝarraignmentѝisѝtheѝformalѝpresentationѝofѝchargesѝinѝopenѝcourt.ѝ Thisѝproceedingѝmayѝbeѝcalledѝaѝpreliminaryѝhearing.ѝInѝtheѝCrownѝ Court,ѝthereѝmayѝbeѝaѝpreparatoryѝhearingѝforѝaѝcomplexѝcaseѝbeforeѝ theѝjuryѝisѝswornѝin.ѝPriorѝtoѝtheѝtrial,ѝthereѝisѝaѝstatutoryѝrequirementѝ forѝdisclosureѝbyѝtheѝprosecutionѝandѝdefenceѝofѝmaterialѝrelevantѝtoѝ theѝcase,ѝѝ

Ifѝ aѝ defendantѝ isѝ chargedѝ withѝ aѝ crimeѝ punishableѝ byѝ sixѝ orѝ moreѝ monthsѝofѝimprisonment,ѝheѝhasѝtheѝrightѝtoѝaѝpublicѝtrialѝbyѝjury.ѝBothѝ

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theѝdefendantѝandѝtheѝprosecutionѝhaveѝtheѝrightѝtoѝchallengeѝpotentialѝ jurorsѝforѝcause,ѝmeaningѝthatѝtheyѝareѝunableѝtoѝbeѝobjectiveѝinѝhearingѝ testimonyѝandѝdecidingѝtheѝcase.ѝ

Judgesѝconsiderѝtheѝdegreeѝofѝharmѝandѝhardshipѝimposedѝonѝvictimsѝ andѝtheirѝfamilies.ѝMitigatingѝfactors,ѝorѝreasonsѝexplainingѝtheѝcrimeѝ inѝtheѝlightѝofѝaѝdefendant'sѝpastѝorѝpresentѝcircumstancesѝweighѝagainstѝ aggravatingѝfactorsѝsuchѝasѝpriorѝcriminalѝrecordѝѝ

Onceѝaѝtrialѝhasѝbegun,ѝtheѝdefendantѝmayѝbeѝadvisedѝbyѝcounselѝtoѝ changeѝhisѝorѝherѝpleaѝtoѝguilty,ѝinѝexpectationѝofѝaѝreducedѝsentence.ѝѝ

Defendantsѝareѝeitherѝfoundѝguiltyѝorѝnotѝguiltyѝbyѝaѝjuryѝorѝjudge.ѝDefendantsѝmayѝnotѝbeѝchargedѝtwiceѝforѝtheѝsameѝoffense.ѝDefendantsѝwhoѝareѝ foundѝguiltyѝorѝconvictedѝfaceѝsentencing,ѝwhereѝpunishmentsѝareѝrenderedѝbyѝtheѝjudgeѝwhoѝtriedѝtheѝcase.ѝJudgesѝsetѝaѝdateѝforѝsentencing.ѝ

If,ѝatѝtheѝendѝofѝtheѝtrial,ѝtheѝcourt'sѝverdictѝisѝnotѝguilty,ѝthenѝtheѝdefendantѝisѝacquitted.ѝ

Inѝmostѝcases,ѝsentencingѝjudgesѝhaveѝsomeѝdiscretionѝorѝchoicesѝonѝ howѝtheyѝwillѝsentenceѝconvictedѝcriminalsѝwithinѝtheѝparametersѝofѝ theѝCriminalѝCode.ѝThisѝdiscretionѝmayѝextendѝtoѝwhetherѝaѝdefendantѝ mustѝserveѝtimeѝinѝprison,ѝorѝreceiveѝaѝtermѝofѝprobation.ѝSomeѝcrimes,ѝ suchѝasѝconvictionsѝforѝusingѝaѝgunѝduringѝaѝrobbery,ѝcarryѝmandatoryѝ prisonѝterms.ѝѝ

Appealѝ

Aѝdefendantѝwhoѝisѝfoundѝguiltyѝofѝsomeѝorѝallѝchargesѝisѝentitledѝtoѝanѝ appealѝtoѝatѝleastѝoneѝlevelѝofѝappellateѝcourt.ѝ

*adversarialѝ соперничающий,ѝпротивостоящийѝдругѝдругуѝ

Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

представитьѝуликиѝвѝсуд;ѝперекрестныйѝдопрос;ѝбремяѝдоказывания;ѝпредставитьѝнеопровержимыеѝдоказательстваѝвины;ѝвременноѝосвободитьѝподѝзалог;ѝестьѝоснованияѝполагать;ѝпредварительноеѝслушание;ѝпринестиѝприсягу;ѝознакомитьѝсѝматериаламиѝдела;ѝпреступление,ѝнаказуемоеѝтюремнымѝзаключением;ѝправоѝотводаѝ присяжных;ѝ степеньѝ нанесенногоѝ вреда;ѝ показания,ѝ смягчающие/ѝотягчающиеѝобстоятельства;ѝсмягчениеѝприговора;ѝпризнатьѝсебяѝвиновным;ѝосвободить;ѝосудитьѝусловно;ѝобязательныйѝ

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Exercise 3 Say whether these statements are true or false, according to the information of the text.

1.Inѝaѝcriminalѝtrial,ѝtheѝburdenѝofѝproofѝisѝonѝtheѝprosecutionѝtoѝpresentѝaѝreasonableѝcauseѝthatѝtheѝaccusedѝisѝguilty.ѝ

2.Eachѝsideѝcollectsѝandѝpresentsѝtheirѝownѝevidenceѝandѝattacksѝtheirѝ opponent'sѝbyѝcross-examination.ѝ

3.Aѝpersonѝaccusedѝorѝunderѝarrestѝforѝanѝoffenceѝmustѝbeѝkeptѝinѝcustodyѝbeforeѝtheѝtrial.ѝ

4.Ifѝaѝdefendantѝisѝchargedѝwithѝaѝminorѝoffenceѝpunishableѝbyѝaѝfineѝheѝ hasѝtheѝrightѝtoѝaѝpublicѝtrialѝbyѝjury.ѝ

5.Judgesѝconsiderѝmitigatingѝandѝaggravatingѝfactors.ѝ

6.Defendantsѝmayѝbeѝchargedѝtwiceѝforѝtheѝsameѝoffense.ѝ

7.Judgesѝsetѝaѝdateѝforѝsentencing.ѝ

8.Aѝdefendantѝwhoѝisѝfoundѝguiltyѝofѝsomeѝorѝallѝchargesѝdoesn'tѝhaveѝ theѝrightѝtoѝappealѝhisѝconviction.ѝ

Exercise 4 Use these words to complete the sentences below. rehabilitateѝ sentenceѝ patrolѝ ѝpreventѝ ѝconductѝ ѝpunishѝ ѝarrestѝ

1.Theѝpoliceѝ________ѝtheѝstreetsѝofѝcitiesѝandѝtownsѝonѝaѝregularѝbasis.ѝ

2.Policeѝofficersѝareѝdoingѝtheirѝbestѝtoѝ_______ѝcrimes.ѝ

3.Sometimesѝ theѝ policeѝ ______ѝ criminalsѝ withѝ theѝhelpѝofѝordinaryѝ peopleѝonѝtheѝsceneѝofѝtheѝcrime.ѝ

4.Courtsѝ_______ѝtrialsѝofѝtheѝaccusedѝandѝ_______ѝcriminalsѝtoѝdifferentѝ terms.ѝ

5.Theѝsocietyѝhasѝcreatedѝaѝcorrectionalѝprocessѝtoѝ_____ѝconvictedѝ personsѝandѝimplementѝprogramsѝtoѝ_________ѝthoseѝpersons.ѝ

N o t e :ѝtoѝimplementѝ—ѝприменять,ѝвнедрятьѝ

Exercise 5 Complete these legal definitions.

1.ѝalibisѝ	a)ѝ peopleѝ whoѝ canѝ provideѝ proofѝ ofѝ theѝ defendant'sѝ
	whereaboutsѝatѝtheѝtimeѝofѝtheѝcrimeѝ
2ѝwitnessesѝ	b)ѝmoneyѝorѝpropertyѝthatѝanѝaccusedѝpersonѝputsѝforthѝ
	asѝ security,ѝ toѝ makeѝ sureѝ they'llѝ showѝ upѝ forѝ furtherѝ
	criminalѝproceedings,ѝincludingѝtheѝtrialѝandѝsentencingѝ
3.ѝbailѝ	c)ѝ peopleѝ whoѝ mayѝ haveѝ seenѝ somethingѝ relevantѝ toѝ theѝ
	crime.ѝ

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4.ѝarraign-ѝ	d)ѝaѝreducedѝtermѝofѝincarcerationѝorѝprobationѝinѝex-
ѝѝѝѝѝmentѝ	changeѝforѝaѝguiltyѝpleaѝ
5.ѝappealѝ	e)ѝtoѝbeѝentitledѝtoѝhaveѝanѝattorneyѝrepresentѝthemѝ
	andѝanswerѝtheѝchargesѝ
6.ѝgrandѝjuryѝ	f)ѝtheѝprocedureѝofѝaccusingѝsmbѝformallyѝofѝaѝcrimeѝ
7.ѝrightѝtoѝѝ	g)ѝtoѝtakeѝaѝlegalѝcaseѝtoѝaѝhigherѝcourtѝtoѝbeѝheardѝ
ѝѝѝѝѝcounselѝ	againѝ
8.ѝaѝpleaѝbar-ѝ	h)ѝaѝgroupѝofѝcitizensѝselectedѝtoѝfindѝaѝverdictѝofѝguiltyѝ
ѝѝѝѝѝgainѝ	orѝnonѝguiltyѝ

Exercise 6 Make word combinations as they occur in the text above.

criminalѝ	sentenceѝ	indictableѝ	severeѝ	pleaѝ
realisticѝ	guiltyѝ	reasonableѝ	defenceѝ	proceedingsѝ
costsѝ	reducedѝ	prospectѝ	offencesѝ	penaltiesѝ

Over to you

1.Give legal advice to a client from a different country on the process of criminal trial in the Russian Federation. For more information, consult the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

2.Write a paragraph on the criminal justice process of the US, paying special attention to the differences between the systems.

Exercise 7 Complete the text below with these words.

courtsѝ	aѝcorrectionalѝprocessѝ ѝlawѝenforcementѝ
judicialѝprocessѝѝ	criminalѝjusticeѝ	ѝ

Theѝsocietyѝhasѝestablishedѝ__________ѝtoѝconductѝtrialsѝofѝtheѝaccusedѝandѝsentenceѝcriminals.ѝItѝhasѝcreatedѝ_________ѝconsistingѝofѝ prisonsѝtoѝpunishѝconvictedѝpersonsѝandѝprogramsѝtoѝrehabilitateѝthemѝ soѝthatѝtheyѝcouldѝbecomeѝusefulѝcitizens.ѝTheseѝthreeѝcomponentsѝ—ѝ

________ѝ(police,ѝsheriffs,ѝmarshals),ѝtheѝ_________ѝ(judges,ѝprosecutors,ѝdefenceѝlawyers)ѝandѝcorrectionsѝ(prisonѝofficialsѝandѝprobationѝ officers)ѝ—ѝestablishѝaѝsystemѝofѝ_________.ѝTheѝbasicѝrulesѝthatѝde- termineѝtheѝworkingsѝofѝtheѝAmericanѝcriminalѝjusticeѝsystemѝareѝdefinedѝinѝtheѝConstitutionѝofѝtheѝUnitedѝStates.ѝ

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