untilѝ(till)ѝ—ѝдоѝтехѝпорѝпокаѝ afterѝ—ѝпослеѝтогоѝкакѝ whileѝ—ѝвѝтоѝвремяѝкакѝ thatѝ—ѝчтоѝ
ѝ
Например:ѝѝ
Theѝmostѝcommonѝsentenceѝisѝaѝfine,ѝwhichѝisѝimposedѝinѝmoreѝthanѝ80ѝperѝcentѝofѝ cases.ѝ—ѝСамымѝтипичнымѝприговоромѝявляетсяѝштраф,ѝкоторыйѝналага- етсяѝвѝболееѝчемѝ80ѝпроцентахѝслучаев.ѝ
Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Russian.
1.Statisticsѝshowѝthatѝoneѝpersonѝtakingѝdrugsѝcanѝ«infect»ѝorѝ«initiate»ѝ 10ѝtoѝ15ѝotherѝpeople.ѝ
2.Theѝpurposeѝofѝcriminalѝproceedingsѝisѝtoѝpunishѝtheѝoffenderѝandѝtoѝ ensureѝthatѝheѝdoesѝnotѝrepeatѝhisѝoffence.ѝ
3.SinceѝcrimesѝareѝoffencesѝagainstѝtheѝState,ѝtheѝstateѝtakesѝtheѝinitiativeѝinѝprosecutingѝcriminals.ѝ
4.He,ѝwhoѝdecidesѝaѝcaseѝwithoutѝhearingѝtheѝotherѝside,ѝthoughѝheѝ decidesѝjustly,ѝcannotѝbeѝconsideredѝjust.(Seneca,ѝ59ѝBCѝ—ѝ39AD,ѝaѝ Romanѝrhetorician)ѝ
5.Aѝstateѝisѝbetterѝgovernedѝwhichѝhasѝfewѝlaws,ѝandѝthoseѝlawsѝstrictlyѝ observed.ѝ(ReneѝDescartes,ѝ1596—1650,ѝaѝFrenchѝphilosopherѝandѝ mathematician).ѝ
6.Theѝmanѝwhoѝremovesѝaѝmountainѝbeginsѝbyѝcarryingѝawayѝsmallѝ stones.ѝ(Chineseѝproverb).ѝ
7.Lawѝenforcementѝofficersѝcanѝinterrogateѝwitnesses,ѝandѝevenѝquestionѝ potentialѝsuspects,ѝasѝlongѝasѝtheirѝconstitutionalѝrightsѝareѝprotected.ѝ
Exercise 2 Translate the text in writing, use a dictionary to help you.
Search Warrant
Ifѝinvestigatingѝofficersѝbelieveѝthere'sѝevidenceѝofѝaѝcrimeѝatѝaѝparticularѝ location,ѝtheyѝmayѝtryѝtoѝgetѝaѝsearchѝwarrantѝallowingѝthemѝtoѝsearchѝtheѝ premises.ѝAѝjudgeѝreviewsѝtheѝinformationѝsubmittedѝbyѝtheѝpoliceѝandѝ decidesѝwhetherѝthereѝisѝ«probableѝcause»ѝtoѝsupportѝit.ѝProbableѝcauseѝ meansѝthatѝanѝofficerѝhasѝpresentedѝenoughѝfactsѝtoѝsupportѝaѝbeliefѝthatѝ thereѝisѝevidenceѝofѝaѝcrimeѝatѝtheѝlocationѝdescribedѝinѝtheѝwarrant.ѝ
Aѝwarrantѝmayѝnotѝbeѝrequiredѝwhereѝthereѝareѝ«exigentѝcircumstances»ѝ (whenѝevidenceѝmayѝbeѝdestroyedѝorѝaѝcrimeѝisѝinѝtheѝprocessѝofѝbeingѝ committed).ѝ
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Reading
Before you read, answer these questions.
1.ѝ Whatѝ isѝ toѝ beѝ doneѝ inѝ caseѝ ofѝ police/militiaѝ violationsѝ ofѝ humanѝѝ
ѝѝѝѝѝrights?ѝ 2.ѝDoѝyouѝknowѝwhatѝrightsѝyouѝhaveѝandѝwhichѝofѝthemѝcanѝbeѝviolated?ѝ
Exercise 1 Read the text and translate it in writing. Give a title to it.
InternationalѝHumanѝRightsѝLawѝisѝbindingѝonѝallѝstatesѝandѝtheirѝ agents,ѝincludingѝlawѝenforcementѝofficials.ѝ
Humanѝrightsѝareѝaѝlegitimateѝsubjectѝforѝinternationalѝlawѝandѝinternationalѝscrutiny.ѝ
Lawѝenforcementѝofficialsѝareѝobligedѝtoѝknow,ѝandѝtoѝapply,ѝinternationalѝstandardsѝforѝhumanѝrights.ѝ
Lawѝenforcementѝofficialsѝshallѝatѝallѝtimesѝrespectѝandѝobeyѝtheѝlaw.ѝ
Lawѝenforcementѝofficialsѝshallѝatѝallѝtimesѝfulfillѝtheѝdutyѝimposedѝ onѝthemѝbyѝlaw,ѝbyѝservingѝtheѝcommunityѝandѝbyѝprotectingѝallѝpersonsѝ againstѝillegalѝacts,ѝconsistentѝwithѝtheѝhighѝdegreeѝofѝresponsibilityѝrequiredѝbyѝtheirѝprofession.ѝ
Lawѝenforcementѝofficialsѝshallѝnotѝcommitѝanyѝactѝofѝcorruption.ѝTheyѝ shallѝrigorouslyѝopposeѝandѝcombatѝallѝsuchѝacts.ѝ
Lawѝenforcementѝofficialsѝshallѝreportѝviolationsѝofѝlaws,ѝcodes,ѝandѝ setsѝofѝprinciplesѝwhichѝpromoteѝandѝprotectѝhumanѝrights.ѝ
Vocabulary
humanѝrightsѝ |
праваѝчеловекаѝ |
theѝUnitedѝNationsѝѝ |
ОрганизацияѝОбъединенныхѝНацийѝ(ООН)ѝ |
(theѝUN)ѝ |
|
bindingѝ |
обязательныйѝ |
scrutinyѝ |
осмотр,ѝисследование,ѝпроверкаѝ |
toѝapplyѝ(toѝsmth)ѝ |
применятьѝ(кѝчему-либо)ѝ |
toѝobeyѝ |
подчинятьсяѝ |
toѝfulfilѝ |
выполнятьѝ |
toѝimposeѝ |
вводить,ѝнавязыватьѝ |
consistentѝ(withѝsmth)ѝ согласующийсяѝ |
|
rigorouslyѝ |
сурово,ѝстрого,ѝточноѝ |
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Exercise 2 Make nouns from these verbs, translate the verbs into Russian.
toѝscrutinizeѝ toѝrespectѝ toѝpublishѝ toѝprepareѝ toѝobligeѝ
toѝapplyѝ toѝimposeѝ toѝenforceѝ toѝobeyѝ toѝopposeѝ
Exercise 3 Insert appropriate prepositions wherever necessary.
1.Thisѝlawѝisѝbindingѝ___ѝallѝlawѝenforcementѝofficials.ѝ
2.Theseѝareѝinternationalѝstandardsѝ___ѝhumanѝrights.ѝ
3.Thisѝdutyѝisѝimposedѝ___ѝthemѝbyѝlaw.ѝ
4.Theѝofficialsѝshallѝnotѝcommitѝanyѝactѝ___ѝcorruption.ѝ
5.Theyѝshallѝopposeѝandѝcombatѝ___ѝallѝsuchѝacts.ѝ
6.Theyѝareѝtoѝobeyѝ___ѝtheѝlaw.ѝ
Exercise 4 Open the brackets using the -ing forms or the past participle.
1.TheseѝareѝInternationalѝHumanѝRightsѝStandardsѝ(toѝprepare)ѝandѝ(toѝ publish)ѝbyѝtheѝUnitedѝNations.ѝ
2.Thisѝlawѝisѝbindingѝonѝallѝstatesѝ(toѝinclude)ѝlawѝenforcementѝofficials.ѝ
3.Theyѝareѝtoѝfulfillѝtheѝdutyѝbyѝ(toѝserve)ѝtheѝcommunity.ѝ
4.Theyѝmustѝdoѝsoѝbyѝ(toѝprotect)ѝallѝpersonsѝagainstѝillegalѝacts.ѝ
5.Theyѝmustѝbeѝconsistentѝwithѝtheѝresponsibilityѝ(toѝrequire)ѝbyѝtheirѝ profession.ѝ
6.Theyѝshallѝactѝ(toѝpromote)ѝandѝ(toѝprotect)ѝhumanѝrights.ѝ
Reading
Before you read, answer these questions.
1.Translateѝtheѝheadlineѝofѝtheѝarticle.ѝWhatѝdoѝyouѝthinkѝtheѝarticleѝisѝabout?ѝ
2.Doѝtheѝnewspapersѝoftenѝwriteѝaboutѝpoliceѝbrutalityѝandѝotherѝviolationsѝofѝhumanѝrightsѝbyѝtheѝpolice/militia?ѝ
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Exercise 1 Read the newspaper item.
Police brutality
Aѝ combinationѝ ofѝ brutalityѝ charges,ѝ federalѝ investigationsѝ andѝ publicѝ relationsѝproblemsѝhasѝthrownѝtheѝUnitedѝStates’ѝlargestѝpoliceѝdepartmentѝintoѝitsѝworstѝcrisisѝinѝyears.ѝPoliceѝandѝtheѝcity'sѝminoritiesѝseemѝ increasinglyѝatѝodds,ѝandѝmoraleѝinѝtheѝdepartmentѝisѝdropping.ѝ
Theѝdepartment'sѝtroublesѝcomeѝjustѝtwoѝyearsѝafterѝitѝwasѝridingѝhighѝ onѝnewsѝthatѝtheѝcity'sѝcrimeѝrateѝwasѝdroppingѝforѝtheѝfirstѝtimeѝinѝ28ѝ years.ѝ
What'sѝcreatedѝtheѝmostѝangerѝisѝtheѝcaseѝofѝAmadouѝDiallo,ѝanѝunarmedѝWestѝAfricanѝimmigrantѝshotѝtoѝdeathѝbyѝpoliceѝinѝanѝapartmentѝ lobby.ѝTheѝpolice,ѝapparentlyѝbelievingѝDialloѝwasѝreachingѝforѝaѝgun,ѝ firedѝ41ѝbulletsѝatѝhim.ѝHeѝwasѝhitѝbyѝ19ѝshots.ѝ
Nowѝtheѝfourѝwhiteѝofficersѝwhoѝkilledѝhimѝareѝonѝtrialѝaccusedѝofѝmurder.ѝTheѝdefenceѝsaysѝitѝwasѝaѝtragicѝaccident;ѝtheѝprosecutionѝacceptsѝ thatѝtheѝofficersѝdidѝnotѝsetѝoutѝthatѝnightѝtoѝkillѝaѝblackѝmanѝbutѝsaysѝ thatѝtheyѝmadeѝaѝdecisionѝtoѝshootѝhimѝonceѝtheyѝgotѝoutѝofѝtheirѝcar.ѝ
Andѝtheѝprotestersѝhaveѝotherѝcasesѝtoѝciteѝinѝtheirѝchargeѝofѝpoliceѝmisconduct.ѝ
InѝNewѝYork'sѝboroughѝofѝBrooklyn,ѝjuryѝselectionѝisѝtoѝbeginѝMondayѝ forѝtheѝtrialѝofѝthreeѝotherѝofficersѝaccusedѝofѝbrutalizingѝaѝHaitianѝimmigrantѝAbnerѝLouima.ѝTheѝtrialѝcentresѝonѝallegationsѝtheѝofficersѝbrutalizedѝhimѝinѝaѝprecinctѝstation.ѝ
Federalѝ andѝ stateѝ prosecutorsѝ haveѝ launchedѝ investigationsѝ ofѝ theѝ NYPDѝ (Newѝ Yorkѝ Policeѝ Department).ѝ Theѝ commissionѝ willѝ holdѝ hearingsѝinѝMayѝonѝwhetherѝtheѝpoliceѝtacticsѝviolateѝtheѝpublicѝrights,ѝ especiallyѝinѝminorityѝneighborhood.ѝ
TheѝGuardian,ѝMarch,ѝ2000ѝ
Vocabulary
brutalityѝ |
жестокость,ѝгрубостьѝ |
oddsѝ |
неравенство,ѝразногласиеѝ |
toѝrideѝhighѝ |
подниматьсяѝвысокоѝ |
rateѝ |
уровеньѝ |
apparentlyѝ |
очевидноѝ |
toѝreachѝforѝsmthѝ |
потянутьсяѝзаѝчем-либоѝ |
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