Вопросы для повторения и обсуждения

1. Приведите пример группы, к которой вы принадлежите и которая попадает в одну из следующих категорий: формальная, неформальная, референтная, идентифика­ционная группа, бригада. Ваш ответ должен показывать, что вы понимаете разли­чие между этими группами.

2. Каков характер зависимости между групповой сплоченностью, нормами и санк­циями в процессе оказания влияния на поведение индивидуальных членов груп­пы? Приведите пример из практики группы, членом которой вы являетесь (пли являлись ранее). В качестве «группы» вы можете использовать свою учебную группу.

3. Опишите ситуацию принятия решения (задание), в которой группа должна суметь принять лучшее решение, чем отдельный человек. Сформируйте (на бумаге) группу из ваших однокурсников или знакомых, которая будет принимать это решение, и поясните ваш выбор (имена могут быть вымышленными).

4. Проанализируйте утверждение Баркера (Barker, 1993, р. 408) о том, что самоуправляемые бригады в организации «ужесточают железные тиски [контроля] и... берут [индивидуальных] членов организации под еще большую опеку», чем бюрократическое управление, в свете того, что вы узнали о группах.

Основные термины

бригада с перекрестными функциями (cross-functional team)

групповая сплоченность (group cohesiveness)

качество и групповые решения (quality and group decisions)

кружок качества (quality circle)

нормы (norms)

приемлемость и групповые решения (acceptability and group decisions)

совместное принятие решений (paiticipative decision making)

профсоюз как группа (union as group)

рабочая бригада (work team)

референтная группа (reference group)

состав группы (group composition)

цели группы (group goals)

Литература

Alderfer, С. P., & Smith, К. К. (1982). Studying intergroup relations embedded in organizations. Administrative Science Quarter!)', 27,35-65.

Ancona, D. G. (1990). Outward bound: Strategies for team survival in an organization. Academy ofManagement Journal, 33, 334-365.

Baloff, N., & Doheny, E. M. (1989). Potential pitfalls in employee participation. Organizational Dynamics, 17,51-62.

Baratta, J. E„ & McManus, M. A. (1992). The effect of contextual factors on individuals'job

performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1702-1710.

Barker, J. R. (1993). Tightening the iron cage: Concertive control in self-managing teams.Administrative Science Quarterly, 38,408-437.

Barker, J. R., & Tompkins, P. K. (1994). Identification in the self-managing organization:

Characteristics of target and tenure. Human Communication Research, 21, 223-240.

Barling, J., Wade, В., & Fullagar, C. (1990). Predicting employee commitment to company and

union: Divergent models. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 49-61.

Blau, G. (1995). Influence of group lateness on individual lateness: A cross-level examination.

Academy of Management Journal, 38,1483-1496.

Bonoma, Т. V, & Zaitman, G. (1981). Psychology/or management. Boston: Kent.

Bragg,J.,& Andrews, 1. (1973). Participative decision making: An experimental study in hospital.

Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 9, 727-735.

Buch, K., & Spangler, R. (1990). The effects of quality circles on performance and promotions. Human Relations, 43, 573-582.

Bulkeley, W. M. (1994, Dec. 23). The latest big thing at many companies is speed, speed, speed. Wall Street Journal, pp. A-l, 4. Carey, R. G. (1972). Correlates of satisfaction in the priesthood. Administrative Science Quarterly,17,185-195.

Coch, L, & French, J. (1948). Overcoming resistance to change. Human Relations, 1, 512-532. Cohen, S. G„ & Ledford, G. E. (1994). The effectiveness of self-managing teams: Aquasi-experiment.Human Relations, 47, 13-43.

Collins, D. (1995). Death of a gainsharing plan: Power politics and participatory management.

Organizational Dynamics, 24, 23-38. Collins, D., Ross, R. A., & Ross, T. L. (1989). Who wants participative management? The managerial perspective. Group and Organization Studies, 14,422-445.

Cooke,R.A.,& Kcmaghan.J. A. (1987). Estimating the difference between group versus individual

performance on problem-solving tasks. Group and Organization Studies, 12, 319-342.

Cotton, J. L. (1995). Participation's effect on performance and satisfaction: A reconsideration of Wagner. Academy of Management Review, 20, 276-278.

Cotton, J. L., Vollrath, D. A., Froggatt, K. L., Lengnick-Hall, M. L., & Jennings, K. R. (1988).

Employee participation: Diverse forms and different outcomes. Academy of Management Review,13,8-22.'

Cotton, J. L., Vollrath, D. A., Lengnick-Hall. M. L., & Froggatt, K. L. (1990). Fact: The form of participation does matter—A rebuttal to Leana. Locke, and Schweiger. Academy of Management Review,J5, 147-153.

Cove, R. W, & Belohlav, J. A. (1995). An exploratory analysis of employee participation. Group and Organization Management, 20,4-\7,

Davis, J. H. (1992). Some compelling intuitions about group consensus decisions, theoretical and empirical research, and interpersonal aggregation phenomena: Selected examples. 1950-1990.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52,3-38.

Davis,L.E.,Strube, M.J.,& Cheng, L. (1995). Too many Blacks, too many Whites: Is there a racial

balance? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 119-135.

Dentler, R. A., & Erikson, К. T. (1959). The functions of deviance in groups. Social Problems, 7,98-107.

Feldman, D. C. (1984). The development and enforcement of group norms. Academy of Management Review, 9,47-53.

Forsyth, D. R. (1990). Gmup dynamics (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Fryxell, G. E., & Gordon, M. E. (1989). Workplace justice and job satisfaction as predictors of satisfaction with union and management. Academy o/ManagcmentJournal, 32, 851-866.

Fullagar, C.J. A., Gordon, M. E., Gallagher, D. G., & Clark, R F. (1995). Impact of early socialization on union commitment and participation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology; 80,147-157.

Geehr, J. L., Burke, M. J., & Sulzer, J. L. (1995). Quality circles: The effects of varying degrees of voluntary participation on employee attitudes and program efficacy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55,124-134.

Glenn, R. R. (1995). A training model for implementing self-directed work teams. Organisation Development Journal, 13, 51-62.

Glew, D. J., O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W. & Van Fleet, D. D. (1995). Participation in organizations: A preview of the issues and proposed framework for future analysis. Journal of Management, 21, 395-421.

Grcenbaum, FI. H„ Kaplan, I. Т., 61: Metlay, W. (1988). Evaluation of problem-solving groups:

The case of quality circle programs. Group and Organization Studies, 13,133-147.

Griffin, R. W. (1988). Consequences of quality circles in an industrial setting: A longitudinal

assessment. Academy of Management Journal. 31, 338-358.

Hackman, J. R. (1986). The psychology of self-management in organizations. In M. S. Pallak &

R. Perloff (Eds.). Psychology and work. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In J. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational

behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Hammer, Т. H. (1978). Relationships between local union characteristics and worker behavior and

attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 560-577.

Harrison, T. (1985). Communication and participative decision making: An exploratory-study

Personnel Psychology, 38, 93-116.

Hollander, E. P. (1964). Leoders, groups, and influence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hollenbeck.J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Sego, D.J., HedlundJ., Major, D. A., & Phillips.J. (1995). Multilevel

theory of team decision making: Decision performance in teams incorporating distributed

expertise. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 292-316.

Huszczo, G. E., & Hover, D. T. (1994). Factors involved in constructive union-management

relationships. Human Relations, 47, 847-866.

Jackson, J. (1966). A conceptual and measurement model for norms and roles. Pacific Sociological

Review, 9, 35-47.

Janis, 1. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink. Atlanta: Houghton Mifflin.

Jewell)L.N.,&Reitz,H.J.(1981).Group effectiveness in organizations. Glenview,IL:Scott, Foresman.

Johnson, W. R., & Johnson, G.J. (1992). Union performance and union loyalty: The role of perceived steward su pport. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 677-690.

Kameda, T, & Davis, J. H. (1990). The function of the reference point in individual and group decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 55-76.

Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1969). Group problem solving. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.),

The handbook o/social psychology (Vol. 4). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Kelloway, E. K., & Barling,J. (1993). Members' participation in local union activities: Measurement, prediction, and replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 262-279.

Kelly, C, & Kelly, J. (1994). Who gets involved in collective action? Social psychological

determinants of individual participation in trade unions. Human Relations, 47, 63-88.

Krigsman,N.,& O'Brien,R.M.(1987). Quality circles, feedback and reinforcement: An experimental comparison and behavioral analysis. Journal of Oiganizational Behavior Management, 9, 67-82.

Laiken, M. E. (1994). The myth of the self-managing team. Organization Development Journal, 12,

29-34.

Landon, D. N., & Moulton, S. (1986). Quality circles: What's in them for employees? Personnel Journal, 65,23-26.

Larson, J. S. (1989). Employee participation in federal management. Public Personnel Management, /5,404-414.

Lawler, E. E., III., & Mohrman, S. A. (1987). Unions and the new management. The Academy of

Management Executive, 1, 293-300.

Leana, C. R., Locke, E. A., & Schwciger, D. M. (1990). Fact and fiction in analyzing research on

participative decision making: A critique of Cotton, Vollrath, Froggatt, Lengnick-Hall, and

Jennings. Academy of Management Review, 15, 137-146.

Ledford, G. E., & Lawler, E. (1994). Research on employee participation: Beating a dead horse?

Academy of Management Review, 19, 633-636.

Locke, E. A., & Schweiger, D. M. (1979). Participation in decision making: One more look. Research in Organizational Behavior 1, 265-339.

Long, R.J. (1988). Factors affecting managerial desires for various types of employee participation

in decision making. Applied Psychology; An International Reyiew, 37, 15-34.

Mael, E А.,_л& Tetrick, L. Ё. (1992). Identifying organizational identification. Educational and

Psychological Measurement, 52, 813-824.

Maier, N. R. E (1967). Assets and liabilities in group problem solving: The need for an integrative

function. Psychological Review, 74, 239-249.

Manz, С. C. (1992). Self-leading work teams: Moving beyond self-management myths. Human

Relations, 45,1119-1140.

Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Ackers, P., & Goodman, J. (1994). Understanding the meaning of

participation: Views from the workplace. Human Relations, 47, 867-894.

Mathieu, J. E., & Kohler, S. S. (1990). A cross-level examination of group absence influences on

individual absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 217-220.

May, D. R., & Schwoerer, С. E. (1994). Developing effective work teams: Guidelines for fostering

work team efficacy. Organization Development Journal, 12, 29-39.

McGrath, J. E. (1984). Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mellor, S., Mathieu, J. E., & Swim, J. K. (1994). Cross-level'analysis of the influence of local union

structure on women's and men's union commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 203-210.

Michaelsen, L. K., Watson, W. E., & Black, R. H. (1989). A realistic test of individual versus group

consensus decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 834-839.

Miller, R. W, & Prichard, F N. (1992). Factors associated with workers' inclination to participate in

an employee involvement program. Croup and Organization Management, 17, 414-430.

Mitchell, T. R., & Silver, W. S. (1990). Individual and group goals when workers are interdependent:Effects on task strategies and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75,185-193.

Mossholder, K. W., Bedeian, A. G., & Armenakis, A. A. (1982). Group process-work outcome

relationships: A note on the moderating impact of self-esteem. Academy of Management Journal,

25,575-585.

Mullen, В., & Copper, C. (1994). The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An

integration. Psychological Bulletin. 115, 210-227.

Neck, C. R, & Manz, С. C. (1994). From groupthink to teamthink: Toward the creation of

constructive thought patterns in self-managing work teams. Human Relations, 47, 929-952.

Neck, С. Е, & Moorhead, G. (1995). Groupthink remodeled: The importance of leadership, time

pressure, and methodical decision-making procedures. Human Relations, 48, 537-557.

O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Martocchio, J. J., & Frink, D. D. (1994). A review of the influence of group

goals on group performance. Academy o/Management Journal, 37,1285-1301.

Parker, L. E., & Price, R. H. (1994). Empowered managers and empowered workers: The effects of

managerial support and managerial perceived control on workers' sense Of control over decision

making. Human Relations. 47. 911-928.

Peters, T.J. (1988). Thriving on chaos. New York: Knopf.

Powell, R. M., & Schlacter, J. L. (1971). Participative management: A panacea? Academy of

Management Journal, 14,165-173.

Ray, R. G. (1995). A training model for implementing self-directed work teams. Organisation

Development Journal, 13, 51-62.

Rentsch, J. R., Hcffner, T, S., & Duffy, L. T. (1994>. What you know is what you get from experience: Team experience related to teamwork schemas. Group and Organization Management, 19,450-474.

Renew, D. C, Billman, D., & Davis, R. A. (1993). Inaccurate perceptions of the amount others stereotype: Estimates about stereotypes of one's own group and other groups. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 14,121-142.

Ritti, R. R., & Funkhouser, G. R. (1977). The ropes to skip and the ropes to know. Columbus. OH: GRID.

Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W.J. (1939). Management and the worker Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.

Ross, R. S. (1989). Small groups in organizational settings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Roy D. F (1959-60). «Вапапа Time» — Job satisfaction and informal interaction. Human Organization, 18,158-168.

Sagie, A. (1994). Participative decision making and performance: A moderator analysis. Journal of

Applied Behavioral Science, 30, 227-246.

Sagie, A. (1995). Employee participation and work outcomes: An end to the dispute? Academy of

Management Review, 20,278-280.

Schachter, S. (1951). Deviation, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social

Psychology, 46,190-207.

SchmitJ. (1995. May 5). Air Force streamlines its fliers' physicals. USA Today, p. 6B. Shepperd.J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 113. 67-81.

Siegal,J.,Dubrovsky,V,Kiesler,S.,& McGuire, T. W. (1986). Group processes in computer-mediated communication. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, 157— 187.

Sniezek, J. A., & Henry, R. A. (1990). Revision, weighting, and commitment in consensus group judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45, 66-84.

Stewart, G. В., 111. (1995, May). EVA works-But not if you make these common mistakes. Fortune, p. 117.

Straus,S.G.,& McGrathJ.E.(1994). Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions.Jouma/of Applied Psychology, 79, 87-97.

Sundstrom, E., De Meuse, K. P., & Futrell, D. (1990). Work teams: Applications and effectiveness.

American Psychologist, 45,120-133.

Tang,T.L.,Tollison,P.S.,& Whiteside, H.D.(1989). Quality circle productivity as related to upper-management attendance, circle initiation, and collar color. Journal of Management, 15,101-113.

TedeschiJ. T, & Lindskold, S. (1976). Social psychology: Interdependence, interaction, and influence. New York: Wiley.

Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.

Wagner, J. A. (1994). Participation's effects on performance and satisfaction: A reconsideration of research evidence. Academy of Management Review, 19, 312-330.

Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity's impact on interaction

process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 590-602.

Weisband, S. R (1992). Group discussion and first advocacy effects in computer-mediated and face- to-face decision making groups. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 43 352-380.'

White, J. K„ & Ruh, R. A. (1973). Effects of personal values on the relationship between participation and job attitudes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, 506-514.