HAZARD AVOIDANCE

TAWS ALERTS

Alerts are issued when flight conditions meet parameters that are set within TAWS software algorithms. TAWS alerts typically employ a CAUTION or a WARNING alert severity level, or both. When an alert is issued, visual annunciations are displayed and aural alerts are simultaneously issued. Table 6-6 shows TAWS alert types with corresponding annunciations and aural messages.

When an alert is issued, annunciations appear on the PFD and MFD. The TAWS Alert Annunciation is shown to the upper left of the Altimeter on the PFD and below the Terrain Legend on the MFD. If the TAWS Page is not displayed at the time, a pop-up alert appears on the MFD. To acknowledge the pop-up alert:

•Press the CLR Key (returns to the currently viewed page), or

•Press the ENT Key (accesses the TAWS Page)

Alert Annunciation

Pop-up

Alert

Figure 6-57 TAWS Alert Annunciations

Terrain Display Enabled

Terrain Legend

Alert Annunciation

Figure 6-58 Navigation Map Page

(After TAWS Pop-up Alert Acknowledgment)

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	Alert Type	PFD/MFDAlert	MFD Pop-Up Alert	Aural Message
		Annunciation
	Excessive Descent Rate Warning			“Pull Up”
	(EDR)
	Reduced Required Terrain		*	“Terrain Ahead, Pull Up;Terrain Ahead, Pull Up”*
			or	or
	Clearance Warning (RTC)
				“Terrain,Terrain; Pull Up, Pull Up”
	Imminent Terrain Impact		*	Terrain Ahead, Pull Up;Terrain Ahead, Pull Up’*
			or	or
	Warning (ITI)
				“Terrain,Terrain; Pull Up, Pull Up”
	Reduced Required Obstacle		*	“ObstacleAhead, Pull Up; ObstacleAhead, Pull Up”*
			or	or
	Clearance Warning (ROC)
				“Obstacle, Obstacle; Pull Up, Pull Up”
	Imminent Obstacle Impact		*	“ObstacleAhead, Pull Up; ObstacleAhead, Pull Up”
			or	or
	Warning (IOI)
				“Obstacle, Obstacle; Pull Up, Pull Up”
	Reduced Required Terrain		*	“Terrain Ahead;Terrain Ahead”*
			or	or
	Clearance Caution (RTC)
				“Caution,Terrain; Caution,Terrain”
	Imminent Terrain Impact Caution		*	“Terrain Ahead;Terrain Ahead”*
			or	or
	(ITI)
				“Caution,Terrain; Caution,Terrain”
	Reduced Required Obstacle		*	“Obstacle Ahead; Obstacle Ahead”*
			or	or
	Clearance Caution (ROC)
				“Caution, Obstacle; Caution, Obstacle”
	Imminent Obstacle Impact		*	“Obstacle Ahead; Obstacle Ahead”*
			or	or
	Caution (IOI)
				“Caution, Obstacle; Caution, Obstacle”
	Premature Descent Alert			“Too Low,Terrain”
	Caution (PDA)
	Altitude Callout “500”	None	None	“Five-Hundred”
	Excessive Descent Rate Caution			“Sink Rate”
	(EDR)
	Negative Climb Rate Caution		*	“Don’t Sink”*
			or	or
	(NCR)
				“Too Low,Terrain”

*Alerts with multiple messages are configurable at installation and are installation-dependent. Alerts for the default configuration are indicated with asterisks.

Table 6-6 TAWS Alerts Summary

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HAZARD AVOIDANCE

EXCESSIVE DESCENT RATE ALERT

The purpose of the Excessive Descent Rate (EDR) alert is to provide suitable notification when the aircraft is determined to be closing (descending) upon terrain at an excessive speed. Figure 6-59 shows the parameters for the alert as defined by TSO-C151b.

	6000
	5500
	5000
(Feet)	4500
	4000			ATE"
Terrain				R
	3500			"SINK
	3000
Above
	2500
Height	2000
	1500
	1000		"PULL UP"
	500
	0	4000	6000	8000	10000	12000
	2000

Descent Rate (FPM)

Figure 6-59 Excessive Descent Rate Alert Criteria

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HAZARD AVOIDANCE

FORWARD LOOKING TERRAIN AVOIDANCE

Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) and Reduced Required Obstacle Clearance (ROC) alerts are issued when the aircraft flight path is above terrain, yet is projected to come within the minimum clearance values in Table 6-7. When an RTC alert is issued, a potential impact point is displayed on the TAWS Page.

Imminent Terrain Impact (ITI) and Imminent Obstacle Impact (IOI) alerts are issued when the aircraft is below the elevation of a terrain or obstacle cell in the aircraft’s projected path. ITI and IOI alerts are accompanied by a potential impact point displayed on the TAWS Page. The alert is annunciated when the projected vertical flight path is calculated to come within minimum clearance altitudes in Table 6-7.

	Flight Phase	Minimum Clearance Altitude (ft)
		Level Flight	Descending
	Enroute	700	500
	Terminal	350	300
	Approach	150	100
	Departure	100	100

Table 6-7 FLTA Alert Minimum Terrain and Obstacle Clearance Values

During final approach, Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) alerts are automatically inhibited when the aircraft is below 200 feet AGL while within 0.5 nm of the approach runway or below 125 feet AGL while within 1.0 nm of the runway threshold.

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PREMATURE DESCENT ALERTING

A Premature Descent Alert (PDA) is issued when the system detects that the aircraft is significantly below the normal approach path to a runway (Figure 6-60).

PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport and ends when the aircraft is either 0.5 nm from the runway threshold OR is at an altitude of 125 feet AGL while within 1.0 nm of the threshold. During the final descent, algorithms set a threshold for alerting based on speed, distance, and other parameters.

Height Above Terrain (Feet)

700

600

500

400

300

200								PDA Alerting Area
100
Runway	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Threshold				Distance From Destination Airport (nm)

Figure 6-60 PDA Alerting Threshold

PDA and FLTA aural and visual alerts can be manually inhibited. Discretion should be used when inhibiting TAWS and the system should be enable when appropriate. When TAWS is inhibited, the alert annunciation ‘TAWS INHB’ is shown on the PFD and MFD (Figure 6-61).

Figure 6-61 TAWS Alerting Disabled

(TAWS Inhibited) Annunciation

Inhibiting/enabling TAWS alerting:

1)Select the TAWS Page.

2)Press the MENU Key.

3)Select ‘Inhibit TAWS’ or ‘Enable TAWS’ (choice dependent on current state) and press the ENT Key.

If TAWS alerts are inhibited when the Final Approach Fix is the active waypoint in a GPS WAAS approach, a ‘LOW ALT’ annunciation may appear on the PFD next to the Altimeter if the current aircraft altitude is at least 164 feet below the prescribed altitude at the Final Approach Fix. See the Flight Instruments Section for details.

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HAZARD AVOIDANCE

FIVE-HUNDRED AURAL ALERT

The purpose of the aural alert message “Five-hundred”is to provide an advisory alert that the aircraft is 500 feet above terrain. When the aircraft descends within 500 feet of terrain, the aural message “Five-hundred” is generated. There are no display annunciations or pop-up alerts that accompany the aural message.

NEGATIVE CLIMB RATE AFTER TAKEOFF ALERT (NCR)

The Negative Climb Rate (NCR) After Takeoff alert (also referred to as “Altitude Loss After Takeoff”) provides alerts when the system determines the aircraft is losing altitude (closing upon terrain) after takeoff. The aural message “Don’t Sink” is given for NCR alerts, accompanied by an annunciation and a pop-up terrain alert on the display. NCR alerting is only active when departing from an airport and when the following conditions are met:

•Height above the terrain is less than 700 feet

•Distance from the departure airport is 2 nm or less

•Heading change from the departure heading is less than 110 degrees Figure 6-62 shows the NCR alerting parameters as defined by TSO-C151b.

	(Feet)	1000
		800
	Terrain
		600
	Above	400				“DON’T SINK”
		200
	Height
		0	20	40	60	80	100	120	140

Altitude Loss (Feet)

	(Feet)	1000
		900
		800
	Terrain
		700
		600
		500
	Above
		400				“DON’T SINK”
		300
		200
	Height
		100
		0	500	1000	1500	2000	2500	3000	3500	4000

Sink Rate (Feet Per Minute)

Figure 6-62 Negative Climb Rate (NCR) Alert Criteria

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