748 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

Figure 25-3: An initial rendering using default options and a crop window.

Creating Lights

When you render using the default options, AutoCAD uses one light source from behind the viewer, which falls on the objects in the view. However, that is rarely enough — nor is it realistic. AutoCAD offers four types of lights to give you flexibility in creating a realistic scene. If you plan to cast shadows in your rendering, the proper placement of lights is most important.

To create lights, choose Lights from the Render toolbar to open the Lights dialog box, shown in Figure 25-4.

Figure 25-4: The Lights dialog box.

Assigning color to a light

The process of assigning a color to a light applies to all types of lights. Light colors are somewhat different from pigment colors, which are more familiar. You know that there are three primary colors — red, yellow, and blue — and you know what colors you get when you mix them. The three primary light colors are red, green, and blue. Their mixtures are different as well — for example, red and green make yellow. White light is the sum of all colors of light together. Black is the absence of any colors of light.

In addition to the RGB light color system there is the HLS (hue, lightness, saturation) system. Instead of mixing primary colors, you choose the color from a range of hues and then vary its lightness (brightness) and saturation (intensity).

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You have three options for choosing a color for a light:

RGB: The RGB (red-green-blue) system enables you to define colors by the amount of each primary light color. You can use the slider bars or type in a number from 0 to 1. When all three are set to 1, you get white light, the default.

True Color: Choose Select Color to open the Select Color dialog box with the True Color tab on top, which lets you select colors either by an RGB or an HLS system. An HLS system determines color by hue, lightness, and saturation settings. Hue is the color. Lightness — or brightness — is the amount of white the color contains. Saturation is the amount of black the color contains. You can also click the Color Book tab to use a color from a color book. (See Chapter 11 for a full discussion of using true color and color books.)

ACI: Choose Select Indexed to use the AutoCAD Color Index system. AutoCAD opens the Select Color dialog box with the Index Color tab on top so that you can choose a color.

Tip	In most cases, white light is fine. You can get some unexpected results when using colored
	lights on colored objects.

Setting the North location

Click North Location to set which direction is north. Setting the North location is important if you want to use the Sun Angle Calculator to create a distant light and if you’ll create shadows. By default, north is the positive Y direction in the World Coordinate System (WCS). To change the default, type a new angle in the Angle box, use the slider bar, or click the “clock face” to specify the new angle. The positive Y axis is at 0 degrees, the positive X axis is at 90 degrees, and so on clockwise.

If you’ve saved a UCS, you can choose it from the list on the right side. AutoCAD uses the Y axis in that UCS as the default North direction.

Setting the ambient light

Ambient light is background light that has no source or target. It illuminates all surfaces in your drawing equally. It can, however, have a color. By default, ambient light is set at 0.30. Use the Intensity slider bar to change the setting or type a number from 0 to 1. Making ambient light too high results in a rendering that looks like an overexposed image. Use a lower setting for night scenes.

Creating a point light

A point light is equivalent to a typical light bulb or a candle. It comes from a specific location and radiates in all directions. A point light attenuates, meaning that the intensity lessens as the distance away from the light’s source increases.

To create a new point light, choose Point Light from the drop-down list next to the New button. Then click New to open the New Point Light dialog box, shown in Figure 25-5.

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	Figure 25-5: The New Point Light dialog box.
	Name
	In the Light Name text box, type a name for the light, no more than eight characters long.
Tip	Use a name that makes it clear that the light is a point light. Keep the name short. A simple
	sequence of P1, P2 is often sufficient. However, you could also use P-overhd and P-door or
	something similar.
	Attenuation
	Set the attenuation, which is the manner in which the light loses intensity as the distance from
	its source increases. You have three choices:

None: The light doesn’t lose intensity.

Inverse Linear: The light loses intensity in a linear manner, so that at 2 units from its source the light is half as intense and at 4 units away the light is one-quarter as intense. This is the default.

Inverse Square: The light loses intensity at the square of the distance, so that at 2 units from its source the light is one-quarter as intense and at 4 units away the light is onesixteenth as intense. Setting the attenuation to inverse square means that the intensity of the light drops off very quickly.

Intensity

Set the intensity, or brightness, of the light in the Intensity text box or use the slider bar. AutoCAD sets the maximum brightness based on the attenuation and the drawing extents.

If you chose inverse linear attenuation, the maximum intensity is twice the distance from the lower-left corner to the upper-right corner of the extents of the drawing. The default is half of the maximum.

If you chose inverse square attenuation, the maximum intensity is twice the square of the extents (the distance from the lower-left corner to the upper-right corner of the drawing).

If you chose no attenuation, the maximum intensity is 1.

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Tip	Set the intensity to 0 (zero) to turn a light off. You can use this technique to switch a scene
	from a day view to a night view or to experiment with different lights without having to
	delete them.

	Position
	The position of the light is quite important, especially if you decide to create shadows. If
	you set the XY coordinates in plan view, be sure to set the proper Z coordinate as well. In an
	architectural drawing, you don’t want your lights to be coming from the floor! However, in a
	mechanical drawing, it might be appropriate to light your model from any angle.
Note	You can also set the transparency of materials. Use transparency for windows, for example. If
	you create an opaque lampshade and place a light inside it, light will get out only through
	the top and bottom.
	Choose Show to see the current position and target of the light. Choose Modify to temporarily
	return to your drawing to pick a position.
	Use object snaps or point filters to specify the position of your lights. If there are no objects
	available, work out the position in advance and place easily visible point objects there. You
	can then snap to the point objects using the Node object snap. You can also type the absolute
	coordinates. You can also use the From object snap to specify a coordinate based on a point
	on the model.
	Color
	Set the color of the light. Setting light color is discussed in the previous section “Assigning
	color to a light.”
	Shadows
	I cover shadows in the “Creating shadows” section at the end of the discussion on lights.
	Check Shadow On if you want to create shadows. Choose Shadow Options to set the type of
	shadows you want, and set Shadow Map Size and Softness. Creating shadows adds signifi-
	cantly to rendering time.
	When you’re done creating the point light, click OK.

Creating a spotlight

A spotlight differs from a point light in that it has a direction. As a result, you not only specify its location but also its target — two coordinates instead of one. In addition, a spotlight has

a brighter center called the hotspot. Outside the bright center is a ring of lesser brightness called the falloff. Figure 25-6 shows the same scene used previously in this chapter, but with one overhead spotlight.

To create a new spotlight, choose Spotlight from the drop-down list next to the New button in the Lights dialog box. Then click New to open the New Spotlight dialog box, shown in Figure 25-7.

752 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

Figure 25-6: A rendering with one spotlight overhead.

Figure 25-7: The New Spotlight dialog box.

Name

In the Light Name text box, type a name for the light. As mentioned earlier for point lights, use a name that makes it clear that the light is a spotlight. Keep the name short. A simple sequence of S1, S2 is often sufficient. However, you could also use S-roof and S-door or something similar, but the name cannot be more than eight characters long.

Hotspot and falloff

Set the hotspot and falloff angles. These angles emanate from the spotlight in the direction of the light’s target. The maximum angle for both is 160 degrees. If the hotspot and falloff angles are the same, there is no falloff — the entire spotlight is bright. The defaults are 44 degrees for the hotspot and 45 degrees for the falloff. This does not leave very much falloff area. You may need to experiment to get the desired result.

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To set the hotspot and falloff angles, type the angles in the text boxes or use the slider bars.

The rest of the options for a spotlight are the same as for a point light. Set the attenuation, intensity, position, color, and shadows. When you’re done creating the spotlight, click OK.

	Creating a distant light
	A distant light is equivalent to the sun. Its rays come from so far away that, for all practical
	purposes, they’re parallel. A distant light does not attenuate (unless you’re drawing a model
	on Pluto).
	To create a new distant light, choose Distant Light from the drop-down list next to the New
	button in the Lights dialog box. Then click New to open the New Distant Light dialog box,
	shown in Figure 25-8.
	Name
	In the Light Name text box, type a name for the light. As mentioned earlier for point lights and
	spotlights, use a name that makes it clear that the light is a distant light. Keep the name short.
	Intensity
	Set the intensity, or brightness, of the light in the Intensity text box or use the slider bar. The
	intensity can range from 0 to 1.
Tip	To turn the distant light off, set the intensity to 0 (zero). You can use this technique to switch
	a scene from a day view to a night view or to experiment with different lights.

Figure 25-8: The New Distant Light dialog box.

Position

The position of the light is quite important, especially if you decide to create shadows. If you set the XY coordinates in plan view, be sure to set the proper Z coordinate as well. Generally, you position a distant light at the extents of your drawing.

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You have three ways to specify the position of a distant light, as described in the following sections.

Azimuth and altitude

The azimuth is the angle in the XY plane — North is located at 0 degrees. Use a positive angle to move clockwise from North and a negative angle to move counterclockwise from North. Values can range from –180 to 180. (Both –180 and 180 would represent South.) The altitude is the angle from the XY plane. The slider bar lets you enter angles from 0 to 90, or you can type in angles from –90 to 90. (An altitude of –90 would mean the light was coming from beneath the model.)

Light source vector

Click Modify to return temporarily to your drawing. AutoCAD prompts you to enter the light direction to and from. This only sets the direction of the light. AutoCAD places the light outside the model.

Sun Angle Calculator

Click Sun Angle Calculator to open the Sun Angle Calculator dialog box, shown in Figure 25-9.

Figure 25-9: The Sun Angle Calculator dialog box.

Use the Sun Angle Calculator when you’re using a distant light to simulate the sun. The calculator locates the sun based on the latitude and longitude of the model’s location and the time of day. Naturally, you would use this for architectural or surveying drawings. It’s fun, too.

Use the left side of the dialog box to specify the information that Render needs to calculate the position of the sun. Follow these steps to complete the dialog box:

1.Type the date or use the slider bar.

2.Type the time using 24-hour format or use the slider bar.

3.Choose the time zone from the drop-down list. Check Daylight Savings if applicable.

4.Specify the latitude and longitude by typing them in or using the slider bars. Latitude goes from 0 degrees (the equator) to 90 degrees (the North or South Pole). Longitude goes from 0 degrees in Greenwich, England, to 180 degrees at the opposite side of the globe.

5.Specify the hemispheres — North or South and East or West.

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6.If you don’t know the latitude and/or longitude, click Geographic Location to open the Geographic Location dialog box, shown in Figure 25-10.

Choose the continent from the drop-down list above the map. The appropriate map appears. (Try choosing various continents — it’s a great way to travel.)

Check Nearest Big City if your model is in a big city. Then click the map. The blue crosshairs jump to the nearest big city. You can also choose from the City list, and the blue crosshairs move to the proper location on the map.

When you’re done, click OK.

Figure 25-10: Use the Geographic Location dialog box to determine latitude and longitude for specific locations.

7.In the Sun Angle Calculator dialog box, click OK to return to the New Distant Light dialog box.

Note	If you forgot to set the North location, choose North Location now. None of the sun calcula-
	tions works properly if North is not properly defined. See “Setting the North location,” earlier
	in this chapter.

Color

Use this section to set the color of the light. Setting light color is discussed previously in the section “Assigning color to a light.”

Shadows

Check Shadow On if you want to create shadows. Choose Shadow Options to set the type of shadows you want, and set Shadow Map Size and Softness. I cover shadows in the next section. After you finish defining the distant light, click OK to return to the Lights dialog box.

Creating shadows

Shadows add greatly to the realism of your rendered image. They also add greatly to the rendering time.

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Tip	For your practice renderings while you’re creating lights and materials, turn shadows off in
	the Render dialog box. Shadows significantly add to rendering time, and you’ll do a lot of
	waiting. When you’re satisfied with the other settings, turn shadows on.

Types of shadows

Shadows add dramatically to the realism of your rendering. AutoCAD creates three different types of shadows. Table 25-1 compares these types of shadows.

Table 25-1: Shadow Characteristics

Type	Which Renderer to Use	Description	Characteristics
Volumetric	Photo Real or Photo Raytrace	Based on volume of	Hard edges, outlines
		space cast by object’s	are approximate,
		shadow	affected by color of
			transparent objects

Maps	Photo Real	Based on the map size
	or Photo Raytrace	that you set
Raytraced	Photo Raytrace	Calculated by tracing
		the path of rays from
		a light

Soft edges you can adjust, not affected by the color of transparent objects

Hard edges, accurate outlines, affected by color of transparent objects

Base your choice of the type of shadows you want on the shadow characteristics and your needs.

Shadow settings

To create shadows, you need to turn on shadows in two places. When you create a new light, you check Shadow On in the dialog box you use to create the new light. In addition, you need to check Shadows in the Rendering Options section of the Render dialog box. This shadows option is available only if you choose Photo Real or Photo Raytrace as the type of rendering in the Render dialog box.

You set shadow settings when you create or modify a light source. Click Shadow Options to open the Shadow Options dialog box, shown in Figure 25-11.

Check Shadow Volumes/Ray Traced Shadows to create volumetric shadows with Photo Real rendering and raytraced shadows with Photo Raytrace rendering. The shadow map settings are disabled.

If you uncheck Shadow Volumes/Ray Traced Shadows, you can create a shadow map. You can set the shadow map size from 64 to 4,096 pixels. Larger map sizes are more accurate but take longer to render.

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Figure 25-11: The Shadow Options dialog box.

Set the shadow softness from 1 to 10 pixels. This determines the number of pixels at the edge of the shadow that are blended into the rest of the image, creating the soft effect. AutoCAD recommends using a setting from 2 to 4.

Choose Shadow Bounding Objects to temporarily return to the drawing to select objects for creating a bounding box that AutoCAD uses to clip the shadow maps.

On the	The drawing used in the following Step-by-Step exercise on creating lights and shadows,
CD-ROM	ab25-a.dwg, is in the Drawings folder on the CD-ROM.

STEP-BY-STEP: Creating Lights and Shadows

1.Open ab25-a.dwg from the CD-ROM. OSNAP should be on. Set a running object snap for endpoint.

2.Save the file as ab25-02.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. If the Render toolbar is not open, right-click any toolbar and choose Render.

3.Choose Lights from the Render toolbar. Choose Point Light from the drop-down list next to the New button. Click New to open the New Point Light dialog box.

4.Type P1 in the Light Name text box. Click Modify. AutoCAD returns you to your drawing. Click Pan Realtime and pan to the right a couple of times until you see the floor lamp, as shown in Figure 25-12. Press Esc to exit Pan mode. At the Enter light location <current>: prompt, pick the endpoint shown in Figure 25-12. AutoCAD returns you to the New Point Light dialog box.

5.Set the Intensity to 250. In the Color section, click Select Indexed and choose the yellow box. Notice that AutoCAD adjusts the RGB settings. Click OK.

6.Click Shadow On. Click OK to return to the Lights dialog box.

7.Choose Spotlight from the drop-down box and click New. Type S1 in the Light Name text box. Set the Intensity to 250. Click Modify. At the Enter light target <current>:

prompt, pick an endpoint at the top of the bowl on the table. At the Enter light location <current>: prompt, type @0,0,5' to place the light directly over the table as a light hanging from the ceiling.

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Figure 25-12: Picking the point light location.

8.Set the falloff to 55.00 and click Shadow On. Click OK to return to the Lights dialog box.

9.Choose Distant Light from the drop-down box and click New. Type D1 in the Light Name text box. Click Shadow On.

10.Click Sun Angle Calculator. Set the date to 9/1. Set the time to 8:00 in the morning. (You’re having breakfast.) Set the time zone to CST. Click Daylight Savings. Set the latitude to 41.00 and the longitude to 91.57. The two drop-down list boxes below should read North and West. Click Geographic Locator to see where you ended up. (If you typed in the right latitude and longitude, the blue cross should be in southeast Iowa.) Click OK until you return to the Lights dialog box.

11.In the Lights dialog box, click North location. Type 90 degrees in the text box. Click OK twice to return to your drawing.

12.Choose View Named Views. Choose Render1, click Set Current, and click OK.

13.Choose Render from the Render toolbar. Crop Window should be unchecked. Change the Light Icon Scale to 24 so you can see the icons that AutoCAD creates at the location of each light you’ve created. (You should use the drawing scale factor.) In the Rendering Type drop-down list, choose Photo Real. Shadows should be unchecked. Click Render. The rendering should take less than a minute. It should look like Figure 25-13. There is more than enough light this time — but remember, you wouldn’t normally eat breakfast with all the lights on. Notice the effect of the yellow point light.

14.Choose Render again. Check Shadows in the Rendering Options section. Click Render. Notice that the rendering takes much longer. Wow! Lots of shadows. This rendering also makes it clear that no light is coming through the windows. (See the “Creating Scenes” section to learn how to make materials transparent.) The rendering should look like Figure 25-14.

15.Save your drawing. If you’re continuing on to the next Step-by-Step exercise, keep this drawing open.