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Figure 23-33: The completed drapes.

Drawing Edge Surfaces

You may have several edges and want to create a surface that extends between them. You can use the EDGESURF command to create unusual surfaces bound by four touching objects. The objects can be lines, arcs, splines, or polylines (2D or 3D). EDGESURF creates a polygon mesh that approximates a Coon’s surface patch mesh — a surface defined by four edges. Figure 23-34 shows an edge surface.

Figure 23-34: An edge surface created with the EDGESURF command.

Use the SURFTAB1 and SURFTAB2 system variables to vary the displayed lines in each direction.

Follow these steps to create an edge surface:

1.Draw the four objects to create a boundary for the surface. They must touch, so use Endpoint object snaps to create them or to move them into place.

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2. Choose Edge Surface from the Surfaces toolbar.

3.AutoCAD prompts you to select edges 1 through 4. You can select them in any order.

Creating the four edges involves moving from UCS to UCS because they’re all in 3D. It helps to create a bounding box for your object using the AI_BOX command. You can then use the corners of the box to define your UCSs.

On the	The drawing used in the following Step-by-Step exercise on drawing edge surfaces, ab23-g.
CD-ROM	dwg, is in the Drawings folder on the CD-ROM.

STEP-BY-STEP: Drawing Edge Surfaces

1.Open ab23-g.dwg from the CD-ROM.

2.Save it as ab23-07.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. You see four curves in a bounding box, as shown in Figure 23-35. In this exercise, you use the curves to draw a dustpan.

3 4

2

1

Figure 23-35: The four curves are the basis for creating an edge surface.

3.Freeze the Const layer.

4.Choose Edge Surface from the Surfaces toolbar. At the prompts, select 1, 2, 3, and 4 in Figure 23-35.

5.Choose View Hide to see the result.

6.Save your drawing. It should look like Figure 23-36. It’s either a dustpan or a starship — your choice.

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Figure 23-36: The completed dustpan — or starship.

Summary

In this chapter, you read all about 3D surfaces. You read about:

Creating surfaces by using the 3DFACE command and controlling the visibility of the lines between the faces

Creating polyface meshes

Creating surfaces with 3D polygon meshes, including the basic shapes — box, wedge, pyramid, cone, sphere, dome, dish, and torus

Making a surface by revolving a profile around an axis

Extruding a curve

Creating a ruled surface between two curves

Making an edge surface from four curves

In the next chapter, you discover how to create true solids (well, true electronic ones at least) as well as how to edit in 3D.

Creating Solids and

Editing in 3D

Although you can create great-looking models with surfaces, if you want truly realistic models, you need to create solids.

After all, in real life, objects have solidity. Even a thin object such as a wastepaper basket or a drape has some thickness. Solids enable you to create more-realistic models than surfaces. You can also combine or subtract solids and get information about their physical properties.

AutoCAD LT doesn’t draw solids. For the 3D capabilities of AutoCAD LT, see Chapters 21 and 22.

Figure 24-1 shows a complex model created using solids.

To work with solids, display the Solids toolbar by right-clicking any toolbar and choosing Solids from the Toolbars dialog box. You can also access all the solids commands by choosing Draw Solids and then choosing the specific command from the submenu that opens.

Drawing Standard Shapes

As with surfaces, AutoCAD makes it easy to create most standard geometrical shapes. The prompts are similar to the surface commands, but there are some slight differences.

24C H A P T E R

In This Chapter

Drawing standard shapes

Creating extruded solids

Drawing revolved solids

Creating complex solids

Sectioning and slicing solids

Using editing commands in 3D

Editing solids

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Figure 24-1: You can create complex and realistic models using solids.

Thanks to Hans-Joachim Fach, Bremen, Germany, for this drawing.

Controlling the display of solids

Curved surfaces are drawn using segments. When you draw a surface sphere, AutoCAD prompts you for the number of lines to draw. The wireframe display of all curved solids in a drawing is controlled by the ISOLINES system variable. The default, 4, provides a bare minimum of curved lines to let you view the outlines of the curve and results in the quickest display. Increasing the ISOLINES value improves the visual result but slows down the drawing display. Generally, you can find a happy medium based on the size of your drawing, the speed of your computer, and your personal preferences. The ISOLINES variable affects only wireframe display — it has no effect when you use the HIDE or SHADEMODE commands. Figure 24-3 shows the effect of varying the ISOLINES setting. When you change the ISOLINES value, use the REGEN command to see the result on existing objects. The FACETRES system variable is the 3D version of VIEWRES, and it determines the display of curved surfaces and solids when using the HIDE, SHADEMODE, or RENDER commands. You can set FACETRES from 0.01 to 10.0. Here you see a hidden sphere at FACETRES settings of 0.05 (left) and 5.0 (right). The default is 0.5, which is generally a happy medium.

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The DISPSILH system variable determines whether AutoCAD creates a silhouette of a model based on the current viewpoint. The effect is most noticeable after a hide. The left-hand model here shows the result of setting DISPSILH to 0 (the default) after a hide. The right-hand model shows the results of setting DISPSILH to 1 (on) after a hide. You can see that the right-hand model provides a very uncluttered display. When you set DISPSILH to 1 in wireframe display, AutoCAD adds silhouette lines. For complex objects, you may find that DISPSILH slows down your display. This is a complicated matter for AutoCAD to compute. So, you may want to set DISPSILH back to 0 (zero) after doing a hide, depending on the models you’re working with.

Drawing a box

The box is one of the most commonly-used 3D objects and is often the basis for more complex models. Figure 24-2 shows a solid box after a hide. Visually, it looks the same as a surface box.

Figure 24-2: A solid box.

To draw a box, follow these steps:

1. Choose Box from the Solids toolbar.

2. At the Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: prompt, specify any corner of the box or right-click and choose Center to specify the 3D center of the box.

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3.If you specify the corner (the default), you then see the Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: prompt.

The default is to pick the opposite corner in the XY plane. AutoCAD then asks you for the height in the Z direction. This completes the box.

If you specify the Length in the XY plane, AutoCAD asks you for a width and a height. If you use the Cube option, AutoCAD asks for one length and completes the box.

4.If you specify the center, you see the Specify center of box <0,0,0>: prompt. Specify the center of the box. Then the Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: prompt appears.

If you pick the corner of the box, AutoCAD completes the box by calculating the length, width, and height from the two points — the center and the corner.

If you specify the length, AutoCAD then asks for a width and a height.

If you use the Cube option, AutoCAD asks for a length and completes the box.

You can specify a negative length, width, or height to build the box in the negative direction. If you specify the center of the cube, don’t forget that the center’s Z coordinate is different from the corner’s Z coordinate. AutoCAD always creates the box parallel to the XY plane.

Drawing a sphere

Spheres are not used very often alone but can be the basis for more complex models — they certainly look pretty! Figure 24-3 shows two solid spheres. The left sphere uses the default ISOLINE value of 4. The right sphere uses an ISOLINE value of 8.

Figure 24-3: Two solid spheres, with ISOLINES set at 4 (left) and 8 (right).

To draw a sphere, follow these steps:

1. Choose Sphere from the Solids toolbar.

2.At the Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: prompt, specify the center of the sphere. If you want the sphere to lie on the XY plane, the Z coordinate of the center should be equal to the radius of the sphere.

3.At the Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: prompt, type the radius or right-click and choose Diameter to specify the diameter.

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Drawing a cylinder

Cylinders are very common in 3D drawing. Figure 24-4 shows four solid cylinders. The grid helps you visualize the XY plane. You can draw cylinders with circular or elliptical bases. By specifying the center of the top of the cylinder separately, you can draw them at an angle.

Figure 24-4: Some solid cylinders.

Follow these steps to draw a cylinder:

1. Choose Cylinder from the Solids toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: prompt, specify the center point for a circular cylinder or choose the Elliptical option to define an ellipse as a base.

If you specified a center point, at the Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: prompt, specify a radius or use the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

If you chose the Elliptical option, use the prompts to define the elliptical base.

3. At the Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: prompt, specify the height or use the Center of Other End option to specify the center of the top of the cylinder.

Drawing a cone

You can draw cones with circular or elliptical bases. By specifying a negative height, you can create an inverted cone (like an ice cream cone). By specifying the apex, you can draw cones on an angle from the XY plane. Figure 24-5 shows some cones.

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Figure 24-5: Cones with varying heights and bases.

Follow these steps to draw a cone:

1. Choose Cone from the Solids toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: prompt, specify the center of the base if you want a circular cone. Otherwise, use the Elliptical option to define an elliptical base.

If you specified a center point, at the Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: prompt, specify a radius or use the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

If you chose the Elliptical option, use the prompts to define the elliptical base.

3.At the Specify height of cone or [Apex]: prompt, specify the height or use the Apex option to specify the coordinate of the apex. A temporary line marks the center of the base so you can use relative coordinates for the apex.

Drawing a wedge

A wedge is a box sliced in half. The prompts are virtually the same as the Box command. Figure 24-6 shows two wedges.

Figure 24-6: Two solid wedges.

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To create a wedge, follow these steps:

1. Choose Wedge from the Solids toolbar.

2. At the Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: prompt, specify any corner of the wedge or type c and use the Center option to specify the 3D center of the wedge.

3.If you specify the corner (the default), you then see the Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: prompt.

The default is to pick the opposite corner in the XY plane. AutoCAD then asks you for the height in the Z direction. This completes the wedge.

If you specify the Length in the XY plane, AutoCAD asks you for a width and a height.

If you use the Cube option, AutoCAD asks for one length and completes the wedge. For positive lengths, the wedge slopes in the X direction.

4.If you specify the center, you see the Specify center of wedge <0,0,0>: prompt. Specify the center point. Then the Specify opposite corner or [Cube/Length]: prompt displays.

If you pick the corner of the wedge, AutoCAD completes the wedge by calculating the length, width, and height from the two points — the center and the corner.

If you specify the length, AutoCAD then asks for a width and a height.

If you use the Cube option, AutoCAD asks for a length and completes the wedge.

Drawing a torus

A torus is a solid 3D donut. Figure 24-7 shows some examples. You can make some unusual shapes by varying the torus and tube radii. If the torus radius is negative and the tube radius is larger than the absolute value of the torus radius (for example, –2 and 3), you get the lemon (or football) shape. If the tube radius is larger than the torus radius, you get the puckered ball (or apple) shape. (You cannot get such unusual shapes using the Torus shape on the Surfaces toolbar.)

To create a torus, follow these steps:

1. Choose Torus from the Solids toolbar.

2.At the Specify center of torus <0,0,0>: prompt, specify the center of the torus (the center of the hole).

3.At the Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius of the entire torus or use the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

4.At the Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius of just the tube or use the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

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Radius of torus

Torus radius = 3	Torus radius = 1
Tube radius = 1	Tube radius = 3

Radius of tube	Torus radius = -2
	Tube radius = 3

Figure 24-7: Torus examples.

STEP-BY-STEP: Drawing Standard 3D Solids

1.Start a new drawing using the acad.dwt template.

2.Save the file as ab24-01.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. If the Solids toolbar is not displayed, right-click any toolbar, and choose Solids. Turn on OSNAP and OTRACK. Set running object snaps for endpoint, midpoint, and center.

3. Choose Box from the Solids toolbar. Follow the prompts:

Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: 3,3

Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: Right-click and choose Length. Specify length: 3

Specify width: 2 Specify height: 1

4. Choose Cylinder from the Solids toolbar. Follow the prompts:

Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>:

Pass the cursor over the midpoint of the right side of the box to acquire it. Move the cursor to the midpoint of the bottom side of the box to acquire it. Move the cursor to the middle of the box’s

top until you see the tooltip listing both midpoints, and click.

Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: .5 Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: 1

5.To see the result, choose View 3D Views SE Isometric. Then choose Zoom Out from the Zoom flyout.

6.Choose Cone from the Solids toolbar. At the Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: prompt, type 7,5 . At the Specify

radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: prompt, type 1 . At the Specify height of cone or [Apex]: prompt, type –4 .